CHM 110 - Chemistry and Issues in the Environment Charles E. Ophardt, Professor of Chemistry, Elmhurst College, Elmhurst, IL 60126, charleso at elmhurst.edu, Copyright 2004 Energy Assessment Lab PERSONAL ENERGY RESOURCE USE ASSESSMENT OR What is your personal contribution to the production of carbon dioxide - a greenhouse gas? OBJECTIVES: 1. Calculate/estimate the fossil fuel energy resources that you or your household uses on a yearly basis. 2. Calculate the carbon dioxide that you contribute to the atmosphere as a result of using fossil fuels. 3. Appreciate the fairly large amounts of resources needed to support your life-style. INTRODUCTION: In this exercise, you will be introduced to various energy resources which are used to support the lifestyles that we are accustomed in the United States. You will calculate the amount of energy resources that you personally use, which then result in the production of carbon dioxide - a greenhouse gas. Most questions are 1 point each. Use the following forms to track your use of fossil fuels. Write out answers to questions in a WORD PROCESSOR and then copy and paste into Blackboard  MAJOR ENERGY RESOURCES USED IN THE UNITED STATES    Source: Energy Information Administration, Annual Review 2002. 99.2 quads in BTU's per year consumed in the U.S. in 2008  One BTU is defined as the heat energy needed to change 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit.  One Quad = Quadrillion is 1 x 10E15.  This large amount of energy represents 35 % of the energy used in the world by 5 % of the population of the world.  QUES. 1: What is the major fossil fuel that supplies the majority of the energy in the U. S.? TRANSPORTATION - INVENTORY #1: Gallons of Gasoline Used:  Keep a record of all the gallons of gasoline purchased for your car for one or two weeks and prorate for one month.  QUES. 2: TOTAL GALLONS/MONTH: _________ TOTAL GALLONS/YEAR ___________  QUES. 3: If one barrel of oil contains 42 gallons, how many barrels of oil do you burn in gasoline per year? BARRELS OF OIL as gasoline /YEAR ________ 42 gallons = 1 barrel of oil 15.7 Million barrels of oil consumed per DAY - 1984  20.8 Million barrels - 2008 (Imports 12.5; Domestic production 8.3) http://www.photius.com/rankings/index.html  As you can see from the bar chart almost half of a barrel of oil is used to make gasoline, which is consumed mainly in private automobiles. ELECTRICITY: Electricity is measured in terms of kilowatt-hours. Take a look at an ordinary light bulb and you will notice that the number of watts is indicated. For example, the bulb may read 100 watts or 75 watts. The wattage marked on the bulb indicates the amount of electricity that the bulb will use in one hour. For example a 100 watt light bulb will use 100 watts in 1 hour and 1000 watts in 10 hours. A kilowatt-hour is equal to 1000 watts. If you burn 10 light bulbs of 100 watts each for one hour, you have used 1000 watts in one hour or one kilowatt-hour. If you look carefully at various appliance motors or the instruction manuals, you may find the wattage listed.  INVENTORY 2: ELECTRIC LIGHTS IN YOUR HOUSE OR DORM ROOM & FLOOR  On a typical evening go around your house OR dorm room and floor and make a list of all the lights turned on along with the wattage for the bulbs. A four foot fluorescent tube (usually two per fixture) is 40 watts. Also list the amount of time each light is turned on in half fractions of an hour. Multiply the watts times the time in hours, and finally add them altogether. Convert the watts per hour to kilowatt-hours.   QUES. 4: Week Night Lights: _________________kilowatt-hours INVENTORY 3: MONTHLY AND YEARLY USE OF ELECTRICITY  Use your monthly electric bills to tabulate monthly and ultimately yearly use of electricity. Find as many bills as possible. There will be differences in the amounts in summer to run air conditioning, winter to run the furnace, and spring/fall when neither is used very much. If you live in an apartment or dorm, try to obtain this information from family, friends, or relatives that live in a house or you may access data from a typical suburban house Utility Usage.   QUES. 5: AVERAGE MONTHLY ELECTRICAL USE IN KW-HRS: ____________  AVERAGE YEARLY ELECTRICAL USE IN KW-HRS: ____________  Source: Energy Information Administration, Annual Review 2002. 2.5 trillions KW-HRS. consumed in U.S. - 1985 Electricity use in USA - 4.062 Trillion Kilowatt Hours per year in 2007 http://www.photius.com/rankings/index.html   QUES. 6: Which is the major fossil fuel used to generate electricity?  SPACE and WATER HEATING: Water heating and space heating require approximately 39% of the energy needs in a house.   Fossil Fuels Used for space and water heating: About 55% use natural gas, 25 % use electricity, 8% use fuel oil. QUES. 7: What is the major energy source for space heating?  Which source do you have in your house? What source of energy is used to heat water in your house? natural gas or electric? What source of energy is used for the clothes dryer? natural gas or electric?  INVENTORY 4: Natural Gas or Fuel Oil for Space Heating:  Use your natural gas (or fuel oil) bills to find the cubic feet of natural gas used for an entire year. Actually there is no longer any reference on the bill to cubic feet of gas, but the number they do provide is Therms of gas. These two terms and numbers are nearly equivalent. The number of Therms given must be multiplied by 100, since it actually represents 100s of cubic feet of natural gas. If you live in an apartment or dorm, try to obtain this information from family, friends, or relatives that live in a house or you may access data from a typical suburban house Utility Usage.  BE SURE to multiply the number on the bill by 100 as most people forget to do this. QUES. 8: CUBIC FEET NATURAL GAS/YEAR __________ Natural Gas Consumption USA 604 billion cubic meters 2007 http://www.photius.com/rankings/index.html  Carbon Dioxide Emissions  Chemical Calculations: How much does each person contribute to the production of excess carbon dioxide by driving an automobile and using 1 gallon of gasoline to drive 20 miles?  Please Note: No actual calculations are required from you, just follow along and appreciate that this is how chemical calculations are completed.  An automobile burns gasoline in the combustion reaction. Although gasoline is a complex mixture of organic compounds, this problem will focus on one of them, octane - a hydrocarbon, (C8H18). Other information needed to solve the problem includes: 1 gallon = 4 quarts; 1 quart = 960 ml; density of octane = 0.69 g/ml  a. How many quarts in a gallon? (ans. 4 qt)  b. How many milliliters in a gallon? (ans. 3840 ml)  c. How many grams in a gallon? (ans. 2650 g)  d. The balanced combustion reaction for octane is:  2 C8H18 + 25 O2 ===> 16 CO2 + 18 H2O All combustion reactions of any fossil fuel produce carbon dioxide and water as by products.  e. What is the mole ratio of octane to carbon dioxide by reading balanced equation? 2 moles octane = 16 moles CO2   f. What is the molecular weight of octane? of carbon dioxide? 1 mole octane = 114 g; 1 mole CO2 = 44 g  g. Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide produced. Mass of carbon dioxide produced from 1 gallon of gasoline as shown below is: 8.18 kg/gal or 18 lbs of carbon dioxide produced for each gallon of gasoline used!! 2650 g octane X 1 mole octane X 16 moles CO2 X 44 g CO 2 = 8,182 g/gal or 8.18 kg/gal 114 g octane 2 moles octane 1 mole CO2  INVENTORY 5: Personal Carbon Dioxide Emissions per year QUES. 9: (2 points) To find the totals simply multiply the yearly totals from the Inventories by the factors listed below. Energy Use Yearly Use CO2 factor Carbon Dioxide Emissions Transportation: Automobile: 8.18 kg carbon dioxide   per gal. gasoline ________________________ Electricity: Coal Fired Electrical Power Plant: 1 kg CO2 per 1 kilowatt hour ______________________ Natural Gas: 0.062 kg carbon dioxide per 1 cubic feet natural gas _______________________ Total Carbon Dioxide per year in kg _______________  2.2 lbs. = 1 kg Convert kilograms to pounds ______________ in pounds  2000 lbs = 1 ton Convert pounds to tons _______________ in tons QUES. 10: Compare your contribution of carbon dioxide to the total U.S. for 2008. Take the total number in millions of metric tons (5,814) and divide by the population of the U.S. which is currently about 300 million to get the per capita number. Since both numbers are in millions it is only necessary to divide 5,814 by 300, as the millions will cancel. Comment on the comparison of your number to number per person using the above data. QUES. 11: Compare the contribution of carbon dioxide in the U.S. to five other countries of your choice in the Breathing Earth Simulation. Use the cursor to slide onto a country and then read the number in the left corner bottom.  QUES. 12: Carbon Footprint Calculator: Use the calculator using the number in your household and calculate for you as an individual. Keep track of the carbon dioxide emissions on each page of the survey.  Report the following: Your estimated carbon dioxide emissions for: Home and Energy, Driving and Flying, Food and Diet, Recycling and Waste, Total Emissions, Percent above or below the average. And compare to your number from Ques. 9.  QUES. 13: Personal Environmental Impact Calculator. Use the Low Impact Environmental Calculator to find a variety of household items and their impact on the environment. Watch the score change and the bar graphs change as you enter your data. If you do not know some of them, just use the default settings. Report: Include all of the results shown by the bar graphs and the LILI number. QUES. 14: Use the EPA guide for automobiles to calculate your GHG Emissions (Greenhouse Gas):  GHG Emissions Calculator To use the form, pick the year, make, model, and engine in your car.   Report: Give miles per gallon -city and highway. carbon dioxide in tons per year - third number from the left, and pollution rating. Please report all 4 numbers found including type of car. After completing this energy assessment, hopefully you will have an appreciation for the amount of carbon dioxide that is produced from the combustion of fossil fuels as you begin the Topic 5 Discussion and the issue question (part IV). As part of that discussion, the problem will be how to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide produced from fossil fuels. Please make any responses to this in the Topic 5 part V

CHM 110 - Chemistry and Issues in the Environment

Energy Assessment Lab

PERSONAL ENERGY RESOURCE USE ASSESSMENT

OR What is your personal contribution to the production of carbon dioxide - a greenhouse gas?

OBJECTIVES:

1. Calculate/estimate the fossil fuel energy resources that you or your household uses on a yearly basis.
2. Calculate the carbon dioxide that you contribute to the atmosphere as a result of using fossil fuels.
3. Appreciate the fairly large amounts of resources needed to support your life-style.

INTRODUCTION:

In this exercise, you will be introduced to various energy resources which are used to support the lifestyles that we are accustomed in the United States. You will calculate the amount of energy resources that you personally use, which then result in the production of carbon dioxide - a greenhouse gas.

Most questions are 1 point each.

Use the following forms to track your use of fossil fuels. Write out answers to questions in a WORD PROCESSOR and then copy and paste into Blackboard

MAJOR ENERGY RESOURCES USED IN THE UNITED STATES

Source: Energy Information Administration, Annual Review 2002.

99.2 quads in BTU's per year consumed in the U.S. in 2008

One BTU is defined as the heat energy needed to change 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit.
One Quad = Quadrillion is 1 x 10E15.

This large amount of energy represents 35 % of the energy used in the world by 5 % of the population of the world.

QUES. 1: What is the major fossil fuel that supplies the majority of the energy in the U. S.?

TRANSPORTATION - INVENTORY #1:

Gallons of Gasoline Used:

Keep a record of all the gallons of gasoline purchased for your car for one or two weeks and prorate for one month.

QUES. 2: TOTAL GALLONS/MONTH: _________ TOTAL GALLONS/YEAR ___________

QUES. 3: If one barrel of oil contains 42 gallons, how many barrels of oil do you burn in gasoline per year?
BARRELS OF OIL as gasoline /YEAR ________

42 gallons = 1 barrel of oil

15.7 Million barrels of oil consumed per DAY - 1984

20.8 Million barrels - 2008 (Imports 12.5; Domestic production 8.3) http://www.photius.com/rankings/index.html

As you can see from the bar chart almost half of a barrel of oil is used to make gasoline, which is consumed mainly in private automobiles.

ELECTRICITY:

Electricity is measured in terms of kilowatt-hours. Take a look at an ordinary light bulb and you will notice that the number of watts is indicated. For example, the bulb may read 100 watts or 75 watts. The wattage marked on the bulb indicates the amount of electricity that the bulb will use in one hour. For example a 100 watt light bulb will use 100 watts in 1 hour and 1000 watts in 10 hours. A kilowatt-hour is equal to 1000 watts. If you burn 10 light bulbs of 100 watts each for one hour, you have used 1000 watts in one hour or one kilowatt-hour.
If you look carefully at various appliance motors or the instruction manuals, you may find the wattage listed.

INVENTORY 2:

ELECTRIC LIGHTS IN YOUR HOUSE OR DORM ROOM & FLOOR

On a typical evening go around your house OR dorm room and floor and make a list of all the lights turned on along with the wattage for the bulbs. A four foot fluorescent tube (usually two per fixture) is 40 watts. Also list the amount of time each light is turned on in half fractions of an hour. Multiply the watts times the time in hours, and finally add them altogether. Convert the watts per hour to kilowatt-hours.

QUES. 4: Week Night Lights: _________________kilowatt-hours

INVENTORY 3: MONTHLY AND YEARLY USE OF ELECTRICITY

Use your monthly electric bills to tabulate monthly and ultimately yearly use of electricity. Find as many bills as possible. There will be differences in the amounts in summer to run air conditioning, winter to run the furnace, and spring/fall when neither is used very much. If you live in an apartment or dorm, try to obtain this information from family, friends, or relatives that live in a house or you may access data from a typical suburban house Utility Usage.

QUES. 5: AVERAGE MONTHLY ELECTRICAL USE IN KW-HRS: ____________

AVERAGE YEARLY ELECTRICAL USE IN KW-HRS: ____________

Source: Energy Information Administration, Annual Review 2002.

2.5 trillions KW-HRS. consumed in U.S. - 1985
Electricity use in USA - 4.062 Trillion Kilowatt Hours per year in 2007 http://www.photius.com/rankings/index.html

QUES. 6: Which is the major fossil fuel used to generate electricity?

SPACE and WATER HEATING:

Water heating and space heating require approximately 39% of the energy needs in a house.

Fossil Fuels Used for space and water heating: About 55% use natural gas, 25 % use electricity, 8% use fuel oil.

QUES. 7: What is the major energy source for space heating?
Which source do you have in your house?
What source of energy is used to heat water in your house? natural gas or electric?
What source of energy is used for the clothes dryer? natural gas or electric?

INVENTORY 4: Natural Gas or Fuel Oil for Space Heating:

Use your natural gas (or fuel oil) bills to find the cubic feet of natural gas used for an entire year. Actually there is no longer any reference on the bill to cubic feet of gas, but the number they do provide is Therms of gas. These two terms and numbers are nearly equivalent. The number of Therms given must be multiplied by 100, since it actually represents 100s of cubic feet of natural gas. If you live in an apartment or dorm, try to obtain this information from family, friends, or relatives that live in a house or you may access data from a typical suburban house Utility Usage.

BE SURE to multiply the number on the bill by 100 as most people forget to do this.

QUES. 8: CUBIC FEET NATURAL GAS/YEAR __________

Natural Gas Consumption USA 604 billion cubic meters 2007 http://www.photius.com/rankings/index.html

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Chemical Calculations: How much does each person contribute to the production of excess carbon dioxide by driving an automobile and using 1 gallon of gasoline to drive 20 miles?

Please Note: No actual calculations are required from you, just follow along and appreciate that this is how chemical calculations are completed.

An automobile burns gasoline in the combustion reaction. Although gasoline is a complex mixture of organic compounds, this problem will focus on one of them, octane - a hydrocarbon, (C8H18). Other information needed to solve the problem includes: 1 gallon = 4 quarts; 1 quart = 960 ml; density of octane = 0.69 g/ml

a. How many quarts in a gallon? (ans. 4 qt)

b. How many milliliters in a gallon? (ans. 3840 ml)

c. How many grams in a gallon? (ans. 2650 g)

d. The balanced combustion reaction for octane is:

2 C8H18 + 25 O2 ===> 16 CO2 + 18 H2O

All combustion reactions of any fossil fuel produce carbon dioxide and water as by products.

e. What is the mole ratio of octane to carbon dioxide by reading balanced equation?
2 moles octane = 16 moles CO2

f. What is the molecular weight of octane? of carbon dioxide?
1 mole octane = 114 g; 1 mole CO2 = 44 g

g. Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide produced.

Mass of carbon dioxide produced from 1 gallon of gasoline as shown below is:
8.18 kg/gal or 18 lbs of carbon dioxide produced for each gallon of gasoline used!!

2650 g octane X 1 mole octane X 16 moles CO2 X 44 g CO 2 = 8,182 g/gal or 8.18 kg/gal

114 g octane 2 moles octane 1 mole CO2

INVENTORY 5: Personal Carbon Dioxide Emissions per year

QUES. 9: (2 points) To find the totals simply multiply the yearly totals from the Inventories by the factors listed below.

Energy Use Yearly Use CO2 factor Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Transportation:

Automobile: 8.18 kg carbon dioxide
per gal. gasoline ________________________

Electricity:

Coal Fired Electrical Power Plant: 1 kg CO2

per 1 kilowatt hour ______________________

Natural Gas: 0.062 kg carbon dioxide

per 1 cubic feet natural gas _______________________

Total Carbon Dioxide per year in kg                    _______________

2.2 lbs. = 1 kg      Convert kilograms to pounds         ______________            in pounds

2000 lbs = 1 ton    Convert pounds to tons              _______________          in tons

QUES. 10: Compare your contribution of carbon dioxide to the total U.S. for 2008. Take the total number in millions of metric tons (5,814) and divide by the population of the U.S. which is currently about 300 million to get the per capita number. Since both numbers are in millions it is only necessary to divide 5,814 by 300, as the millions will cancel. Comment on the comparison of your number to number per person using the above data.

QUES. 11: Compare the contribution of carbon dioxide in the U.S. to five other countries of your choice in the Breathing Earth Simulation. Use the cursor to slide onto a country and then read the number in the left corner bottom.

QUES. 12: Carbon Footprint Calculator: Use the calculator using the number in your household and calculate for you as an individual. Keep track of the carbon dioxide emissions on each page of the survey.

Report the following: Your estimated carbon dioxide emissions for:
Home and Energy, Driving and Flying, Food and Diet, Recycling and Waste, Total Emissions, Percent above or below the average. And compare to your number from Ques. 9.

QUES. 13: Personal Environmental Impact Calculator. Use the Low Impact Environmental Calculator to find a variety of household items and their impact on the environment. Watch the score change and the bar graphs change as you enter your data. If you do not know some of them, just use the default settings.

Report: Include all of the results shown by the bar graphs and the LILI number.

QUES. 14: Use the EPA guide for automobiles to calculate your GHG Emissions (Greenhouse Gas):
GHG Emissions Calculator
To use the form, pick the year, make, model, and engine in your car.

Report: Give miles per gallon -city and highway. carbon dioxide in tons per year - third number from the left, and pollution rating. Please report all 4 numbers found including type of car.

After completing this energy assessment, hopefully you will have an appreciation for the amount of carbon dioxide that is produced from the combustion of fossil fuels as you begin the Topic 5 Discussion and the issue question (part IV). As part of that discussion, the problem will be how to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide produced from fossil fuels. Please make any responses to this in the Topic 5 part V - probably for extra credit.