Multiple Choice: 2 points each

CHAP 1

_____1. Which one is an example of a mixture?

a) aspirin b) sea water c) table salt d) sugar

_____2. An example of a heterogeneous mixture would be:

a) Cool-Aid that contains a small amount of sugar

b) vegetable soup

c) red wine

d) homogenized milk

_____3. Which of the following is a chemical change?

a) electrolysis of water b) mixing milk into coffee

c) condensation of steam d) dissolving sugar in water

_____4. The study of the properties of light or electromagnetic radiation falls within the strict definition of chemistry.

a) true b) false c) can not tell

CHAP 3

_____5. The law of conservation of mass proves that:

a) all atoms have the same weight

b) all atoms have different weights

c) atoms are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction

d) atoms change weight during a chemical reaction

_____6. Although all parts (postulates) of Dalton's atomic theory are important, which one of the postulates is crucial to explain the observation summarized by the Law of Multiple Proportions?

a) Matter is composed of atoms

b) Atoms of the same element have the same properties

c) Atoms are very small

d) Atoms combine with other atoms in fixed, whole number ratios to form compounds

_____7. Which is a conclusion about the structure of the atom obtained by bombarding atoms with alpha particles in the Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment?

a) most of the volume of an atom is taken up by the nucleus

b) the nucleus must have a positive charge

c) electrons are concentrated in space around the nucleus

d) the nucleus of the atom attracts alpha particles

_____8. A stream of canal rays later identified as protons will behave in what way in an electric field?

a) be unchanged

b) be deflected toward the positive electrode because the proton has a positive charge

c) be deflected toward the positive electrode because the proton has a negative charge

d) be deflected toward the negative electrode because the proton has a positive charge

_____9. Millikan's experimental work allowed the determination of the charge of the electron. When combined with Thomson's determination of the mass to charge ratio of the electron, the _____?_____ could be calculated.

d) charge on X-Rays

_____10.With the discovery of isotopes, which postulate of Dalton's original atomic theory must be corrected to read?

a) Atoms of the same element have different numbers of protons

b) Atoms of the same element have different numbers of neutrons

c) Atoms of the same element are identical in all respects.

d) Atoms of the same element have identical masses.

_____11. Mendeleev organized the elements into a periodic table:

a) by increasing atomic mass and similar properties

b) by increasing atomic number and similar properties

c) by increasing atomic mass only

CHAP 4

_____12. The lines in an atomic line emission spectrum are due to:

a) nuclear transitions in atoms

b) movement of electrons from lower energy states to a continuous set of higher energy states of atoms causing the emission or release of light

c) movement of electrons from higher energy states to lower energy states in atoms causing the emission or release of light

d) electrons absorbing light when jumping to higher energy levels.

_____13. Chloride ion, Cl-, has the same number of electrons as a:

a) sodium atom c) neon atom

b) chlorine atom d) argon atom

_____14. When one oxygen atom reacts with two sodium atoms, oxygen negative two ion, and two sodium positive one ions are formed. In this reaction, oxygen atom:

a) loses 2 electrons

b) gains 2 electrons

c) loses 1 electron

d) gains 1 electron

_____15. How many dots will appear in the Lewis dot structure for gallium atom?

a) zero b) five c) eight d) three

_____16 . When calcium combines with chlorine, the reaction involves a:

a) transfer of electrons from Cl to Ca

b) sharing of electrons between Ca and Cl

c) transfer of electrons from Ca to Cl

d) conversion of protons into electrons

_____17 . When carbon combines with chlorine, the reaction involves a:

a) transfer of electrons from Cl to C

b) transfer of electrons from C to Cl

c) sharing of electrons between C and Cl

d) conversion of protons into electrons

_____18 . When hydrogen combines with oxygen in a water molecule, the reaction involves all of the following EXCEPT:

a) the molecule is considered to be polar

b) the oxygen and hydrogen share the electrons equally and have no charges

c) the geometry of the molecule is bent

d) the oxygen acquires a partial negative charge

_____19 . When hydrogen bonding is a property of some molecules, which molecule does NOT engage in hydrogen bonding?

a) DNA and RNA

b) alcohols which have an -OH group

c) the diatomic hydrogen molecule

d) water and ammonia

CHAP 2

_____20. The source of many elements on the surface of the developing earth was:

a) chemical reactions that occurred on the surface.

b) low melting points and low densities of compounds

c) the elements are evenly distributed in the crust

d) the heavies t elements fell toward the center of the earth

_____21. Which of the following methods were most responsible for removing most of the carbon dioxide in the early atmosphere?

a) photosynthesis of plants b) photosynthesis of blue-green algae

c) volcanic eruptions d) dissolution in the oceans

22.(4) Classify each of the following as chemical or physical changes.

a) a candle burns in air to produce CO2 and H2O.

b) Candle wax melts and liquefies.

23.(3) Indicate how many neutrons, electrons and protons are in the following atom.

Al atom

24. (6) Use the contributions of all three, Rutherford, Bohr, and the Wave-Mechanical Models, to thoroughly explain your conception of the structure for an atom of sulfur. Also give the proper number and placement of the three particles in an sulfur atom.

25.(8) Using the carbon cycle, p. 44-46, write chemical reactions (use element symbols or formulas and/or names) which represent the following processes. (It is not necessary to balance equations and in some cases an element or molecule may be missing as you read the text or look at the diagrams. Try to translate words into symbols as much as possible. Do not worry about trying to put in subscripts - numbers which just follow the symbols are OK as in H2O)

a) animal respiration:

b) plant photosynthesis:

c) decomposer respiration:

d) burning fossil fuels

26. (8) Write chemical reactions (use symbols or formulas and/or names) to represent the following processes in the nitrogen cycle, p. 46-47 AND p. 50. (It is not necessary to balance equations and in some cases an element or molecule may be missing as you read the text or look at the diagrams. Try to translate words into symbols as much as possible.)

a) nitrogen fixation

b) lightning in a thunderstorm to ultimately make nitric acid (several steps)

c) nitrification

d) denitrification

27.(4) a) List any two of the common structural types of silicates and compare and contrast the chemical structures.

(3) b) Explain why asbestos was used, why is it dangerous.

28. (10) Define the following terms and give an example of each. (2 points each)

a. Ionic bonds

e. "Likes dissolve likes" p. 178

29. For this question use: N.Y. Times "Milestone Report on Mercury Emissions". See the text of the article below the questions.

a. (1) What is the source of mercury in this report that needs to be controlled?

b. (3) How is the mercury turned into a more hazardous or toxic form of mercury? What is the name of this chemical? What is the health effect?

c. (6) Give specific details of the chain of events which ultimately leads to children being exposed to this form of mercury? Start with mercury in coal. Use the info on p. 299-301, and 178 of the textbook to explain what is meant by accumulation up the food chain. * Use this hint somewhere in your discussion: Fish contain oils, which contain carbon hydrogen bonds, which are non polar, therefore the toxic form of mercury called _______ must be _________ (polar or non polar?)* because "likes dissolves likes".... continue with why it accumulates...

d. (2) What specific experiments are to be conducted to figure out how to control the mercury?

Full Text: "Milestone Report on Mercury Emissions"

Copyright New York Times Company July 12, 2000 by Andrew C. Revkin

A prestigious panel of scientists declared yesterday that levels of the most hazardous form of mercury in the environment posed an unacceptable health risk to children born of women who eat fish during pregnancy, and should be reduced.

That finding by the 10 experts, convened by the National Academy of Sciences, means that after long delay, the way is now cleared for the Environmental Protection Agency to write new regulations forcing electric power plants, the last large source of unregulated emissions of mercury, to cut them.

The panel's conclusion essentially ends a rancorous debate waged between industry and environmental officials for more than a decade. At issue was how to deal with methyl mercury, a toxic metal that occasionally taints popular seafood like tuna and by now has also prompted 41 states to issue warnings against eating fish caught in many rivers and lakes.

In unambiguous terms, the panel said yesterday that warnings did not suffice. ''The long-term goal,'' its report said, ''needs to be a reduction in the concentrations.''

Coal-burning power plants release more than 40 tons of mercury a year, about a third of the total entering the environment. The environmental agency was poised two years ago to write new mercury rules for plants, but met heavy resistance from members of Congress, who in turn were encountering intense lobbying from the electric power industry. The industry pushed hard for an independent study on the risks of methyl mercury, created in nature by the interaction between mercury and bacteria, and Congress responded by directing the E.P.A. to commission it. The work was undertaken by the 10 scientists, brought together by the academy's National Research Council.

Representatives of the power industry yesterday accepted the panel's conclusions, thereby effectively ending their opposition to the E.P.A.'s plans and shifting the debate over mercury regulation from if to how.

''We wanted this issue about mercury to be settled based on the best science available, and that's essentially what the academy has done,'' said Paul Bailey, vice president for environmental affairs at the Edison Electric Institute, a trade group representing companies that generate three-fourths of the country's electricity.

''We expect the E.P.A. to decide that they are going to regulate mercury from us,'' he said. ''What we're focused on is working with them to fashion a program that makes sense.''

Mr. Bailey said the industry would favor a system of pollution credits much like that which now governs industrial emissions of sulfur dioxide. Environmental groups would oppose that approach.

The panel of scientists estimated that 60,000 children are born each year who were exposed during pregnancy to methyl mercury levels that could cause neurological and learning problems. Most of the exposure comes from fish in their mothers' diet. Through rain and runoff, methyl mercury tends to concentrate in bodies of water, where it accumulates in fish as it passes up the food chain.

E.P.A. officials said they felt vindicated by the report and intended to press ahead with a decision by Dec. 15 on limiting mercury emitted by power plants. That date was set in settlement of a lawsuit brought by some private environmental groups to force the agency to consider mercury cuts under provisions of the Clean Air Act.

The report ''underscores and reinforces the science that will go into that policy decision and others that will follow with regard to controlling mercury,'' said David Cohen, a spokesman for the environmental agency.

Environmental groups said the end of the scientific debate over power plants was long overdue, noting that they were the last large uncontrolled source of mercury emissions. David Hawkins, director of air and energy programs for the Natural Resources Defense Council, pointed out that as a result of government regulation already in effect, owners of incinerators, another big source, were adding filters and other equipment to capture the metal before it leaves smokestacks.

The debate now shifts to how best to cut the flow of mercury from coal to power-plant smoke and on into the environment. Last year the E.P.A.

initiated the first significant study of the problem, requiring not only that all power plants measure the amount of mercury in coal through 1999 but also

that several dozen measure the amounts emitted from smokestacks before and after the installation of filters.

The report issued yesterday, after the scientists' 18-month review of the E.P.A.'s risk calculation for mercury, concluded that the most important hazard

by far lay in the threat to developing fetuses.

It emphasized that the risk to most people was very small, and that the primary goal was to cut the exposure in young women who frequently eat fish

in which the highest levels of mercury tend to accumulate -- generally predatory sea fish like tuna and swordfish but also some freshwater fish in places

with high mercury levels.

Federal officials said the report could also be an influence in whether the Food and Drug Administration tightens its standards for fish. The food

agency now uses a much less aggressive risk calculation than the E.P.A. calculation endorsed by the scientists yesterday. F.D.A. officials said they

had not yet had time to review the mercury report.