ÿWPCú îj—@ïÿ-ØOÁq“ë'þ£kU?aS…$æ]¡b9B<îÈ(…e~|IȯôÄð©(7º{×\…´ªB§8Áô=•®E§Q(h$Ο:xšÃ‘ Þ z|jÜ*Z€¹ó 4WèÊ¡`¬‹^ÂÅmàŽ²öFX›êo|ÑP'¢‰7ó…têc÷±ÂuÀ‚vzèÿ:‹ÅÉ#ðêM‚K®ŽaÆcof೘c1 V¡–ß,#ŽqK(CþZiÃÄy¹áùÊh‘ÀÃh®ùt|Ôœ£„–”aItq˜¶XPµˆ§4< Ñ–AePç·¤%õ_žÆ攢©)/2‰3Ú)?Èþ)5ëˆ5Ë«´Ó`?lZݛʕ°Óÿ3ñk3…3 Zæ»ÌËm”ªï¤jü¬2,Ê”ˆï8<ïL9µGÂîá«f*°ÇÃåËa†gN·8ÌÅrðúxo®ma%³¸&4˜Ïð~e} "€;¾Q ldF³Ø’Îœw„u¶—:¼±_‚*j_U.ÒU2U*2\#ÁlUN- %{ 0:N»^ ½wÉ4Íá mã2xÐðA`Univers%ä2¼A`Helveticaô\  `Times#|x˜HP DeskJet 1220C PrinterˆX,,,,ˆX0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,ÔVª?, Šq…+d&  œðF  ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓÓÓ  ÓÔ€¼6¾»XXÔÔ€¼÷É»»¼6¾ÔÌÌÌÌÌÌExploring€the€Mechanisms€Underlying€Movement€Effects€on€Verbal€RecallÔ€X2/X»¼÷ÉÔÐ  ð  ÐHelga€NoiceÐ È ÐElmhurst€CollegeÐ  ð ÐÌÐ  P  ÐÔ_ÔÑ8€vçXXdôdÈ8ÑExploring€the€Mechanisms€Underlying€Movement€Effects€on€Verbal€RecallÐ l Ðò òÌÓ  ÓI.€Project€SummaryÐ $ ¸ Ðó ó€Extensive€research€has€demonstrated€that€action„phrases€such€as€"move€the€pen"€are€better€remembered€when€actually€performed€than€when€studiedÐ  ˜ Ðunder€standard€verbal€learning€instructions€(e.g.,€Engelkamp,€1991;€€Engelkamp€&€Zimmer,€1994;€for€reviews€see,€Cohen,€1989).€Recently€I€haveÐ Ü p Ðextended€this€line€of€inquiry€by€showing€that€movements€òònotóó€connected€with€the€accompanying€verbal€material€(except€at€a€very€high€level€of€abstraction)Ð ´H  Ðalso€produce€superior€memory€(Noice€&€Noice,€in€press;€Noice,€Noice€&€Kennedy,€2000;€Noice€&€Noice,€1999).€The€proposed€experiment€will€test€twoÐ Œ  Ðpotential€explanations€for€such€movement„effects€on€verbal€recall.€Approximately€60€Elmhurst€students€will€be€randomly€assigned€to€one€of€three€groups.Ð dø  ÐParticipants€in€the€first€group€will€perform€a€series€of€actions€that€do€not€duplicate€the€meanings€of€verbal€phrases€they€simultaneously€speak;€however,Ð <Ð Ðboth€actions€and€words€will€be€consistent€with€the€same€overall€goal.€The€second€group€will€perform€actions€and€speak€phrases€that€are€not€consistentÐ ¨ Ðwith€the€same€goals.€The€third€(control)€group€will€speak€the€same€phrases€without€accompanying€movements.€If€the€first€group€outperforms€the€othersÐ ì€ Ðon€a€subsequent€memory€test€for€the€spoken€phrases,€it€would€indicate€that€the€non„literal€movement€effect€indeed€functions€like€the€standard€SPT€effect,Ð ÄX Ðimplying€that€the€SPT€phenomenon€has€far€wider€application€than€heretofore€suspected.€However,€if€the€second€group€should€equal€the€performance€ofÐ œ0 Ðthe€first,€it€would€argue€that€both€types€of€movement€effect€are€actually€mediated€by€physiological€activation.Ð t ÐÔ_ÔÐ  L à ÐÓ  ÓExploring€the€Mechanisms€Underlying€Movement€Effects€on€Verbal€RecallÐ l Ðò òÌÓ  ÓII.€Narrativeó óòòÐ $ ¸ Ðà  à1.€Current€Situation:óó€Last€summer,€along€with€my€research€collaborator,€Tony€Noice,€I€carried€out€an€experiment€that€demonstrated€aÐ  ˜ Ðconnection€between€verbal€memory€and€physical€movement€(Noice€&€Noice,€in„press).€Fifty„four€Elmhurst€College€students€were€given€the€same€fiveÐ Ü p Ðpages€of€dialogue€to€study€for€exactly€5€minutes.€Results€showed€that€those€students€who€were€specifically€told€NOT€to€try€to€memorize€the€material€butÐ ´H  Ðrather€to€read€it€aloud€while€moving€about€the€room€learned€more€than€those€who€deliberately€memorized€the€same€script.€This€experiment€greatlyÐ Œ  Ðextended€the€well€known€phenomenon€called,"subject€performed€tasks"€(Ô_ÔSPTsÔ_Ô)€inasmuch€as€the€usual€Ô_ÔSPTÔ_Ô€effect€requires€that€the€subject€literallyÐ dø  Ðperform€the€action€called€for€by€the€verbal€phrase.€That€is,€in€order€€to€learn€"move€the€ashtray"€one€would€move€an€ashtray€or€pantomime€moving€oneÐ <Ð Ð(for€a€review,€see€Ô_ÔNilssonÔ_Ô,€2000).€However,€the€movements€made€by€our€participants€never€duplicated€the€meaning€of€the€verbal€utterance€(e.g.,€a€studentÐ ¨ Ðwas€instructed€to€say,€"Might€as€well€start€here€„„€the€dining€room"€while€crossing€over€to€the€other€side€of€the€room).€Despite€this€lack€of€a€literal€matchÐ ì€ Ðbetween€movement€and€verbal€meaning,€those€in€the€moving€condition€retained€significantly€more€material€than€controls.€Furthermore,€when€the€recall€ofÐ ÄX Ðparticipants€in€the€moving€condition€was€analyzed€on€a€speech€by€speech€basis,€speeches€that€had€been€accompanied€by€movements€were€better€recalledÐ œ0 Ðthan€those€that€had€been€uttered€when€that€same€participant€had€remained€in€one€place.€Ð t Ðà  à€In€addition€to€the€practical€applications€for€students€who€must€make€verbal€presentations€from€memory,€these€findings€have€importantÐ L à Ðtheoretical€implications.€Recently,€Art€Ô_ÔGlenbergÔ_Ô€€and€his€associates€(e.g.,€Ô_ÔGlenbergÔ_Ô,€1997;€Ô_ÔGlenbergÔ_Ô€&€Robertson,€1999;€Ô_ÔKaschakÔ_Ô€&€Ô_ÔGlenbergÔ_Ô,€2000)€haveÐ $"¸ Ðproposed€a€theory€of€human€thinking€referred€to€as€"embodied€cognition."€By€this€view,€comprehension€and€memory€are€derived€from€our€interactionsÐ ü#  Ðwith€the€physical€universe.€For€example,€the€statement,€"I€scratched€my€back€with€a€computer€disk"€makes€sense,€whereas€€the€statement,€"I€scratched€myÐ Ô%h" Ðback€with€a€short€piece€of€thread"€does€not.€This€is€because€we€know€that,€although€it€would€be€an€unusual€application,€the€disk's€form€with€its€solidÐ ¬'@!$ Ðedges€would€allow€it€to€relieve€an€itch.€An€overview€of€this€theory€would€be€that€comprehension€and€memory€are€based€on€the€physical€Ô_ÔaffordancesÔ_Ô€of€theÐ „)#& Ðexperiential€properties€of€the€universe.€This€view€is€€revolutionary€because€it€eliminates€the€role€of€manipulation€of€mental€symbols€(the€softwareÐ \+ð$( Ðanalogy)€that€is€central€to€much€current€cognitive€theory.Ð 4-È&* Ðà  àòò2.The€Project€Plan:óó€The€proposed€experiment€extends€my€line€of€research€by€attempting€to€identify€the€cognitive€mechanisms€that€underlieÐ l Ðboth€the€standard€Ô_ÔSPTÔ_Ô€effect€and€our€newly€discovered€non„literal€movement€effect.€A€search€of€the€Ô_ÔSPTÔ_Ô€literature€reveals€that€no€studies€appear€to€haveÐ DØ Ðbeen€done€to€rule€out€the€notion€that€the€Ô_ÔSPTÔ_Ô€effect€is€based€on€physiological€processes€such€as€increased€blood€flow€to€the€brain€or€a€higher€level€ofÐ  ° Ðmental€activation.€Undoubtedly,€such€inquiry€was€considered€unnecessary€up€to€now,€given€the€literal€connection€between€a€phrase€such€as€"lift€the€cup"Ð ô ˆ Ðand€the€action€of€lifting€one.€That€is,€heretofore€the€interdependency€between€actions€and€words€in€Ô_ÔSPTsÔ_Ô€was€so€obvious€that€a€researcher€would€hardly€beÐ Ì ` Ðtempted€to€seek€an€alternate€explanation.€However,€our€finding€of€a€non„literal€movement€effect€would€seem€to€prompt€further€exploration€of€this€issue.€IfÐ ¤8  Ðnon„literal€movements€result€in€better€memory€for€accompanying€verbal€material,€are€the€effects€due€to€a€linkage€between€the€meaning€of€the€movementÐ |  Ðand€the€meaning€of€the€verbal€utterance,€a€linkage€that€exists€at€a€higher€level€of€abstraction€than€that€demonstrated€by€traditional€Ô_ÔSPTÔ_Ô€research?€Or€is€theÐ Tè  Ðnon„literal€effect€due€to€movement„induced€physiological€states€that€benefit€memory?€Ð ,À Ðà  àTo€answer€these€questions,€I€plan€to€recruit€approximately€60€Elmhurst€students.€All€students€will€be€given€the€same€list€of€phrases,€thenÐ ˜ Ðassigned€to€one€of€3€conditions:€the€action„consistent€condition,€the€action„inconsistent€condition,€and€the€no„movement€(control)€condition.€ParticipantsÐ Üp Ðin€the€first€condition€will€be€instructed€to€read€each€phrase€aloud€and€will€be€given€an€action€to€perform€that€is€somewhat€consistent€with€the€meaning€ofÐ ´H Ðthe€phrase€(but€òònotóó€a€direct€enactment€of€it€as€in€an€Ô_ÔSPTÔ_Ô).€For€example,€with€the€phrase,€"How€dare€they€treat€me€like€this!",€the€participant€would€riseÐ Œ  Ðfrom€his€or€her€chair€and€walk€quickly€to€the€door.€Participants€in€the€second€condition€would€read€the€same€phrase€while€walking€from€one€wall€toÐ dø Ðanother.€Participants€in€the€third€condition€would€simply€read€the€same€phrase€aloud€without€movement.€All€participants€will€be€given€the€identicalÐ < Ð Ðamount€of€time€(4€seconds)€to€process€each€phrase.€Ð "¨ Ðà  àAfter€the€participants€have€gone€through€the€entire€list€of€phrases,€they€will€perform€a€Ô_ÔdistracterÔ_Ô€task€(a€series€of€simple€arithmetic€problems)Ð ì#€  Ðto€prevent€them€from€maintaining€the€stimuli€in€working€memory.€They€will€then€be€asked€to€perform€a€free€recall€task,€writing€down€all€the€phrases€theyÐ Ä%X" Ðcan€remember€in€any€order.€If€the€participants€in€the€action„consistent€condition€remember€significantly€more€material€than€those€in€the€action„inconsistentÐ œ'0!$ Ðcondition,€it€would€supply€evidence€that€the€non„literal€movement€effect€is€dependent€on€a€connection€between€movement€and€memory€similar€to€thatÐ t)#& Ðresponsible€for€the€standard€Ô_ÔSPTÔ_Ô€effect€although€existing€at€a€higher€level€of€abstraction€(e.g.,€the€action€of€walking€away€from€someone,€and€theÐ L+à$( Ðstatement,€"I€don't€believe€a€word€you're€saying"€are€both€forms€of€rejection,€but€this€linkage€is€far€less€direct€than€that€between€the€action€of€moving€anÐ $-¸&* ÐÔ_Ôashtray€and€the€statement,€"Move€the€ashtray.")Ð l Ðà  à€Conversely,€if€participants€in€the€phrase„inconsistent€condition€remember€the€same€or€more€material,€it€would€suggest€that€the€explanationsÐ DØ Ðusually€offered€for€the€SPT€effect€(e.g.,€establishment€of€€multimodal€memory€codes)€are€insufficient.€Thus€it€would€appear€that€the€movementsÐ  ° Ðthemselves€(regardless€of€their€connections€with€the€verbal€material)€induce€physiological€changes,€and€that€these€changes€are€responsible€for€increasedÐ ô ˆ Ðmental€efficiency€and€hence€increased€memory.€This€experiment€would€allow€us€to€test€these€alternate€explanations€for€the€first€time.€Ð Ì ` Ðà  àMoreover,€if€my€prediction€is€correct€that€the€consistent€movement€condition€will€produce€superior€memory,€this€would€give€us€a€furtherÐ ¤8  Ðreason€to€seriously€investigate€theories€of€embodied€cognition.€That€is,€such€a€finding€would€indicate€that€human€utterances€are€understood€andÐ |  Ðremembered€because€their€meanings€mesh€with€actions€designed€to€reach€goals,€suggesting€that€€cognition€may€be€derived€from€our€interaction€with€theÐ Tè  Ðphysical€universe.€I€believe€this€experiment€would€have€great€impact€on€my€work€here€at€EC€because€it€would€enable€me€and€my€students€to€perform€Ð ,À Ðresearch€that€combines€practical,€real„world€consequences€with€cutting„edge€theoretical€speculation.Ô€XvIXXX2/ÔÐ ˜ ÐòòÔ€X2/XXXvIÔà  à3.€Faculty€Expertise:óó€€I€feel€my€expertise€in€this€area€is€demonstrated€by€my€journal€articles,€book€chapters,€and€my€own€book€on€the€subject,Ð Üp Ðas€listed€in€Section€V.€Since€this€proposal€concerns€an€investigation€central€to€my€main€body€of€research,€all€these€publications€would€appear€to€beÐ ´H Ðrelevant.€My€work€in€this€area€has€also€been€funded€by€NIH,€NSF,€the€Pew€Charitable€Trust,€the€Elmhurst€College€Faculty€Development€Fund,€and€theÐ Œ  ÐAugustana€Research€Foundation.Ð dø ÐAnother€indication€of€my€expertise€would€be€that€my€work€in€this€field€has€been€cited€(and€sometimes€described€at€length)€in€a€number€of€standardÐ < Ð Ðcognitive€textbooks,€including:€Ð "¨ Ðà  àðð€Benjafield,€J.€G.€(1997).€òòCognitionóó.Ð ì#€  Ðà  àðð€Galotti,€K.€M.€(1999).€òòCognitive€Psychology€in€and€out€of€the€Laboratoryóó.Ð Ä%X" Ðà  àðð€Haberlandt,€K.€(1999).òò€Human€Memory:€Exploration€and€Applicatioóón.Ð œ'0!$ Ðà  àðð€Reed,€S.€K.(1999):€òòCognition:€Theory€and€Applicatioóón.Ð t)#& Ðà  àðð€Rubin,€D.€C.€1995).€òòMemory€in€Oral€Traditionsóó.Ð L+à$( Ðà  àðð€Schacter,€D.€(1996).€òòSearching€for€Memoróóy.€Ô_ÔÐ $-¸&* Ðà  àðð€Ô_ÔSolsoÔ_Ô,€R.€L.(1998).€òòCognitive€Psychologyóó.Ð l Ðòòà  à4.€Plans€for€Evaluation€and€Disseminationóó:€As€with€all€empirical€investigations,€evaluation€is€built€into€the€process;€the€results€supply€(or€failÐ DØ Ðto€supply)€evidence€for€the€hypothesis.€Assuming€the€expected€significant€results,€a€number€of€outlets€are€available.€An€article€based€on€this€experimentÐ  ° Ðwould€certainly€be€suitable€for€òòMemoryóó,€òòDiscourse€Processesóó,€òòMemory€and€Cognitionóó,€and€other€journals€in€which€my€work€has€been€published.€As€forÐ ô ˆ Ðnational€or€international€conference€presentations,€there€are€many€organizations€I€frequently€address€including€the€Ô_ÔPsychonomicÔ_Ô€Society,€The€Society€forÐ Ì ` ÐText€and€Discourse,€the€International€Society€for€the€Empirical€Study€of€Literature€(Ô_ÔIGELÔ_Ô),€and€the€Society€for€Applied€Research€in€Memory€andÐ ¤8  ÐCognition€(Ô_ÔSARMACÔ_Ô).€Although€this€research€would€be€suitable€for€all€of€them,€I€feel€that€Psychonomics,€2001€(to€be€held€in€November€in€Orlando,€FL)Ð |  Ðwould€provide€the€ideal€audience€for€this€presentation.Ð Tè  Ðà  àAnother€very€important€reason€for€performing€this€study€is€that€it€would€supply€preliminary€data€for€a€multi„experiment€proposal€for€theÐ ,À ÐNational€Science€Foundation.€There€is€an€excellent€NSF€program€called€Research€Opportunity€Awards€(Ô_ÔROAÔ_Ô),€which€supports€collaborations€betweenÐ ˜ Ðprofessors€at€€primarily€undergraduate€institutions€and€those€at€major€research€universities€where€sophisticated€testing€equipment€is€available.€I€wouldÐ Üp Ðlike€to€propose€a€collaboration€with€Art€Ô_ÔGlenbergÔ_Ô€at€the€University€of€Wisconsin€on€how€this€work€grows€logically€out€of€an€embodied€cognition€accountÐ ´H Ðof€human€memory.€In€our€paper€describing€the€findings€of€the€movement€experiments€we€performed€last€year,€we€pointed€out€the€parallels€with€embodiedÐ Œ  Ðcognition€theory.€Ô_ÔGlenbergÔ_Ô€(who€happened€to€be€one€of€the€peer€reviewers)€immediately€wrote€to€us,€asking€permission€to€cite€our€findings€based€on€theÐ dø Ðmanuscript€itself,€rather€that€wait€for€the€necessarily€long€delays€involved€before€academic€publications€reach€the€distribution€stage.€SubsequentÐ < Ð Ðcorrespondence€has€made€confirmed€our€mutual€interests,€and€I€feel€that€this€type€of€joint€inquiry€would€be€an€ideal€candidate€for€an€NSF/Ô_ÔROAÔ_Ô€becauseÐ "¨ ÐU€of€W,€Madison€has€the€necessary€equipment€to€identify€brain€sites€that€might€mediate€the€action/memory€connection.€Ð ì#€  ÐÌò òIII.€Time€LineÐ œ'0!$ Ðó óBecause€the€actual€running€of€the€experiment€would€require€individually€testing€each€participant,€it€would€take€a€few€weeks€and€would€occur€during€theÐ |)#& Ðlatter€part€of€the€Spring€semester€while€students€are€still€available.€However,€the€overwhelming€majority€of€the€work€would€take€place€during€theÐ T+è$( Ðsummer,€including€the€scoring€and€analyzing€of€the€data,€the€writing€of€the€submission€for€presentation,€and€the€writing€of€the€paper€itself.€Since€I€did€notÐ ,-À&* Ðrequest€any€summer€teaching,€I€would€be€able€devote€that€entire€time€frame€to€these€efforts.Ð l ÐÌÌò òIV.€BudgetÐ ô ˆ ÐÓlX°X°` ¸ hÀpȱ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<°œXlÓó ó1.€Travel€for€presentation€(airfare,€hotel,€food,€registration)à À àà  à$1,100.00ò òÐ Ô h ÐÓuX°X°` ¸ hÀpÈy xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<°‹X± ŽXuÓó ó2.€Faculty€Salaryò òà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àó óà À àà  àà p à$2,000.00à È àò òà y àÐ ¬@  ÐÓx[°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ ŽxÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<°‹Xy ŽXxÓó ó3.€Photocopying€of€test€booklets€and€scoring€materialsà h àò òà À àó ó$à  à50.00Ð „  ÐÓ^°X°` ¸ hÀpHÈ \xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<°‹X ŽxXÓ4.€Office€supplies€(e.g.,€printer€cartridges,€paper,€file€folders,€etc.)à À à$à  à50.00Ð \ð  ÐÓŠa°X°` ¸ hÀpHÈÒhø\xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<° ŠXHÈ \xXŠÓ5.€Undergraduate€student€salaryà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à€$à H à300.00Ð 4È ÐÓÓà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à___________________Ð    ÐÓŠ^°X°` ¸ hÀpHÈŠø\xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<° ŠXHÈÒhø\xXŠÓà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà H àTotal:€$€3,500.00Ð øŒ ÐÓÓòòBudget€Justificationóó:€Ð äx ÐAlthough€I€am€only€requesting€the€amount€of€salary€I€would€be€paid€for€teaching€a€single€course€during€the€summer,€I€plan€to€spend€at€least€two€summerÐ ¼P Ðmonths€working€on€the€project€full„time.€In€addition€to€running€the€study,€and€analyzing€and€writing€up€the€results,€I€will€train€an€undergraduate€student€toÐ ”( Ðscore€verbal€protocols,€a€task€requiring€great€precision.€The€results€will€be€compared€to€the€same€data€that€I€will€have€scored€myself€in€order€to€establishÐ l ÐÔ_ÔinterraterÔ_Ô€reliability.€My€long„time€collaborator€(and€husband)€will€continue€to€work€with€me€but,€of€course,€he€will€not€receive€a€salary.€No€other€grantÐ D Ø Ðfunds€are€being€sought€for€this€project,€although,€as€already€stated,€€I€plan€to€cover€some€of€the€same€ground€in€a€more€extensive€multi„experimentÐ "° Ðproposal€to€NSF.Ð ô#ˆ  Ðòòò òÌV.€Current€and€Previous€Grantsóóó óÐ ¬'@!$ ÐÓ0°<° ŠXHÈŠø\xX0ÓÓÓ2001à < àMemory€improvement€in€older€adults€through€Ô_ÔtheatreÔ_Ô€training.Ð Œ) #& Ðà < àNational€Institute€of€Aging€(requested€amount€of€$100,000€for€2€Ô_Ô1/2Ô_Ô€years€is€Ð x* $' Ðà < àsubject€to€final€Ð d+ø$( Ðà < àNIH€budget€adjustment)Ð P,ä%) ÐÐ <-Ð&* Ð2000à < àThe€effect€of€movement€on€the€learning€of€textÐ l Ðà < àElmhurst€Faculty€Development€Grant,€$3,500.Ð Xì ÐÌ1997à < àThe€influence€of€nonliteral€movement€on€recall€accuracyÐ 0 Ä Ðà < àNSF€Ô_ÔREUÔ_Ô€grant,€$€4,000€(Student:€Cara€Kennedy)Ð  ° ÐÌ1997à < àLong„term€verbatim€memory€for€complex€material€when€Ð ô ˆ Ðà < àretrieved€by€Ð à t Ðà < à¼à < àverbal€and€Ð ¸L  Ðà < à¼à < àÔ_ÔmotoricÔ_Ô€cuesÐ $  ÐÓÓà < à¼à < à¼à < àNational€Science€Foundation€(Research€Planning€Grant),€Ð ,À Ðà < à$€18,000Ð ˜ Ðò òVI.€PublicationsÐ Üp Ðó óòò1.€Journals,€Books,€ChaptersÐ ¼P ÐÓ °¸ <°<ÓÓÓóóà ¸ àNoice,€H.€&€Noice,€T.€(in€press„a).€Learning€dialogue€with€and€without€movement.€òòMemory€&€Cognition.Ð ”( Ðò òóóÌÓ °d <°¸ „Óà d àó óNoice,€T.€&€Noice,€H.€(in€press„b).€Very€long„term€recall€and€recognition€of€well„learned€material.Ô€XvIXXX2/Ô€Ô€X2/XXXvIÔòòApplied€CognitiveÐ p ÐPsychologyóó.€Ð \ð Ðò òÌó óà d àNoice,€H.€&€Noice,€T.€(2000).€Two€approaches€to€learning€a€theatrical€script.€In€U.€Ô_ÔNeisserÔ_Ô€&€I.€R.€Hyman,€Jr.€(Ô_ÔEdsÔ_Ô.),Ð 8!Ì ÐòòMemory€observed:€Remembering€in€natural€contextsóó.€New€York:€Worth€Publishers.ò òòòÐ $"¸ ÐóóÌÓ °† <°d ØÓó óà † àNoice,€H.€&€Noice€T.€(1999).€Long„term€retention€of€theatrical€roles.€òòMemory,7óó€(3),€357„382.€Ð $”  ÐÌà † àNoice,€T.€&€Noice,€H.€(1997a).€òòExpertise€of€professional€actors:€A€cognitive€viewóó.Ð Ø%l" ÐHillsdale,€NJ:€Lawrence€Erlbaum€Associates.Ð Ä&X # ÐÓ °§ <°† ¶ÓòòÌÓ °u <°§ •Óóóà u àNoice,€T.€&€Noice,€H.€(1997b).€Effort€and€active€experiencing€as€factors€in€verbatim€recall.€òòDiscourse€Processes,€23óó,Ð œ(0"% Ð51„69.ò òòòÐ ˆ)#& Ðóóó óÌà u àNoice,€T.€&€Noice,€H.€(1997c).€Verbatim€retention€of€theatrical€scripts€by€means€of€character€analysis.€In€S.€Ô_ÔToetoesyÔ_ÔÐ `+ô$( Ðde€Ô_ÔZepetnekÔ_Ô€&€Irene€Ô_ÔSywenkyÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔEdsÔ_Ô.),€òòThe€systemic€and€empirical€approach€to€literature€and€culture€as€theory€and€applicationóó€(pp.€485„504).€Edmonton,Ð L,à%) ÐAlberta:€University€of€Alberta.Ð 8-Ì&* ÐÔ_Ô‡à u àNoice,€H.€&€Noice,€T.€(1997d).€Long„term€memory€for€verbal€material€as€a€result€of€accompanying€non„literal€actionÐ l Ðevents.€òòProceedings€of€the€Nineteenth€Annual€Conference€of€the€Ð Xì ÐCognitive€Science€Societyóó.€Hillsdale,€NJ:€Lawrence€Erlbaum.òòÐ DØ ÐÌóóà u àNoice,€H.€&€Noice€T.€(1999).€Optimierung€der€Gedaechtnisleistung€durch€den€Einsatz€eines€Schauspieltrainings.ò ò€ó óIn€P.Ð  ° ÐPerrig„Chiello,€H.€B.€Staehelin,€&€W.€J.€Perrig€(Eds.),€òòWohlbefinden,€Gesundheit€und€kognitive€Kompetenz€im€Alteróó€(pp.137„144).€Bern,€Switzerland:Ð    ÐVerlag€Paul€Haupt.Ð ø Œ ÐòòÌóóNoice,€H.,€Noice,€T.,€&€Kennedy,€C.€(2000).€The€contribution€of€movement€on€the€recall€of€complex€material.€òòMemory,€8óó€(6),€353„363.Ð Ð d ÐòòÌóóà u àNoice,€H.,€Noice€T.,€Perrig„Chiello,€P.€&€Perrig,€W.€(1999).€Improving€memory€in€older€adults€by€instructing€them€inÐ ¨<  Ðprofessional€actorsðð€learning€strategies.€òòApplied€Cognitive€Psychology,€13óó,€315„328.Ð ”(  ÐÌÔ_ÔÐ  l  ÐÓ  Óà@..àReferences€Ð l Ð(to€studies€other€than€my€own)€Ð Xì ÐÓ  ÓÌà u àCohen,€R.€L.€(1989).€Memory€for€action€events:€The€power€of€enactment.€òòEducational€Psychology€Review,€1óó,€57„80.Ð 0 Ä ÐÌà u àÔ_ÔEngelkampÔ_Ô,€J.€(1991).€Memory€of€action€events:€Some€implications€for€memory€theory€and€for€imagery.€In€C.€Ô_ÔCornoldiÔ_ÔÐ  œ Ð&€M.€A.€Ô_ÔMcDanielÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔEdsÔ_Ô.),€òòImagery€and€cognitionóó.€New€York:€Springer€Ô_ÔVerlagÔ_Ô.Ð ô ˆ ÐÌà u àÔ_ÔEngelkampÔ_Ô,€J.,€&€Ô_ÔZimmerÔ_Ô,€H.€D.€(1994).€òòThe€human€memory:€A€Ô_ÔmultimodalÔ_Ô€approachóó.€Seattle:€Ô_ÔHogrefeÔ_Ô€&€Huber.Ð Ì ` ÐÌà u àÔ_ÔGlenbergÔ_Ô,€A.€M.€(1997).€What€memory€is€for.€òòBehavioral€and€Brain€Sciences,€20óó,€1„55.€Ð ¤8  ÐÌà u àÔ_ÔGlenbergÔ_Ô,€A.€M.,€&€Robertson,€D.€A.€(1999).€Indexical€understanding€of€instructions.€òòDiscourse€Processes,€28óó,€1„26.Ô€XvIXXX2/ÔÐ |  ÐÔ€X2/XXXvIÔÌà u àÔ_ÔKaschakÔ_Ô,€M.€P.,€&€Ô_ÔGlenbergÔ_Ô,€A.€M.€(2000).€Constructing€meaning:€The€role€of€Ô_ÔaffordancesÔ_Ô€and€grammaticalÐ Tè  Ðconstructions€in€sentence€comprehension.€òòJournal€of€Memory€and€Language,€43óó,€508„529.Ð @Ô  ÐÌà u àÔ_ÔNilssonÔ_Ô,€L„G.€(2000).€Remembering€actions€and€words.€In€E.€Ô_ÔTulvingÔ_Ô€&€F.€I.€M.€Craik€(Ô_ÔEdsÔ_Ô.),€òòThe€Oxford€handbook€ofÐ ¬ Ðmemoryóó€(pp.€137„148).€New€York:€Oxford€University€Press.Ð ˜ ÐÌà u à