WPC; -4 cؙcO8"%G*a'u)7Ly;hE_r]a=޲HĎWK! 0S쪒q6[6'/ ", Nq6`^&I+ UZxjV@wO$ԉ xbuHDKsOK ѽ F`U>@ %~gR 0 U<w  nX 0#N^ w4 mU0NU:  0 NF6>fa ffaLU@@& 0ff 0ZrK 0 0 0 0~ 0c 0E 0$ 0 0 0 0 0v 0L 0! 0! 0" 0# 0g$ 0E% 0 & 0& 0' 0( 0n) 0:* 00+ 0<3+ 0o+ 0>-, 0vk, 0`, 0`A- 0`- 0`. 0`a. 08. 0. 02/ 0/ 0:0 0Y31 0_1 0 1 0j2 0_4 B*5 D/ 6 D+<6 0g6 D/7 08 068 09 0:&: B`: 0^}: 0<:U6;U>M;U*;;;* `&CG Times 12ptWPX '   !PHY-311 Handout - Fall, 2002 2handout (Earl C. Swallow(0Earl C. Swallow .    ] RG)o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo   _3XX33Phy311Mechanics@Page@    1  A  Ԅ  FallSemester(2RG$  %!o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo   * `$CG Times 8ptWP3|w * `&CG Times 12ptWPXXw PS+GXP* `$CG Times 8ptWPP P+GP({%$o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo  HP Officejet Pro L7700 Series4409 *8HY311U(9 Z6Times New Roman Regular,cAZ"Arial Regular(O$mailto:earls@elmhurst.edu,http://www.elmhurst.edu/~earls8TABLE A  PhyRossbergiCromerenergeticsh_TABLE Bhttp://www.elmhurst.edu/~earls/phy311(9 Z(Times New Roman http://www.elmhurst.edu/library2J+M 0_level1  X 2( ` hp x 223  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  2G+M 0_level2   /%` ` hp x /23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  http://www.elmhurst.edu/~earls/phy311/honestypolicy.html2D+M 0_level3   ," hp x ,23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  2A+M 0_level4  ` ) hp x )23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  2>+M 0_level5   &hhp x &23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  2;+M 0_level6   #p x #23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  28+M 0_level7  h  p x 23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  25+M 0_level8   pp x 23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  22+M 0_level9    x 23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  2JM 0_levsl1  X 2( ` hp x 223  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2GM 0_levsl2   /%` ` hp x /23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2DM 0_levsl3   ," hp x ,23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2AM 0_levsl4  ` ) hp x )23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2>M 0_levsl5   &hhp x &23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2;M 0_levsl6   #p x #23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  28M 0_levsl7  h  p x 23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  25M 0_levsl8   pp x 23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  22M 0_levsl9    x 23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2JM 0_levnl1  X 2( ` hp x 223   5+ ` hp x 5  2GM 0_levnl2   /%` ` hp x /23   5+ ` hp x 5  2DM 0_levnl3   ," hp x ,23   5+ ` hp x 5  2AM 0_levnl4  ` ) hp x )23   5+ ` hp x 5  2>M 0_levnl5   &hhp x &23   5+ ` hp x 5  2;M 0_levnl6   #p x #23   5+ ` hp x 5  28M 0_levnl7  h  p x 23   5+ ` hp x 5  25M 0_levnl8   pp x 23   5+ ` hp x 5  22M 0_levnl9    x 23   5+ ` hp x 5  0.Normal<:Definition T<AA:Definition L , 5+ ` hp x 5  5+ ` hp x 586Definition(''&H1      XXX(&H2  XXX(&H3  XXX(&H4 XXX XXX(&H5  XXX(&H6  XXX20Address8MM6Blockquote , , 5+ ` hp x 5   5+ ` hp x 5,*CITE,dl*CODEK[<6X9`(Courier NewKXXXS\\  `&Times New RomanS42Emphasis64Hyperlink    <:FollowedHype    4go2Keyboard K[<6X9`(Courier NewK XXXS\\  `&Times New RomanS<:Preformatted/%  ,Kk %#/K[<6X9`(Courier NewKXXXS\\  `&Times New RomanS/%  ,Kk %#/<:zBottom of 7P(X7  ?]%2A`Arial?7Q(X7  XXXS\\  `&Times New RomanS&  d dO)1dxd'dxd<:zTop of For7S(X7  ?]%2A`Arial?7Q(X7  XXXS\\  `&Times New RomanSO)2dxd0KS.SampleK[<6X9`(Courier NewKS\\  `&Times New RomanS0.Strong 8dl6TypewriterK[<6X9`(Courier NewKXXXS\\  `&Times New RomanS42Variable d: 8HTML MarkupB      2 0CommentB  <6X9`(Courier New\  `&Times New Roman%2A`Arial     %!o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo   _X4XXX PXX4  ^]_]ELMHURSTCOLLEGE#X4XP#  XrXXX4"XXr  PHYSICS311AnalyticalMechanics#XrX"##X4XXXr#  p    (4 I O  5  http://www.elmhurst.edu/~earls/phy3116O   7 Ԁ) $ x$ XX4*Xddd Xdd Xdd X(#(#,dd ,` dd +     FallSemester,2008 ' ` '  EarlC.Swallow 1'% `0  1#X4X x$#8  Forwheneverbodiesfallthroughwaterandthinair,theymustquickentheir ,|  descentsinproportiontotheirweights,becausethebodyofwaterandsubtlenature h  ofaircannotretardeverythinginequaldegree,butmorereadilygiveway, T  overpoweredbytheheavier:ontheotherhandemptyvoidcannotofferresistance @  toanythinginanydirectionatanytime,butmust,asitsnaturecraves,continually ,  giveway;andforthisreasonallthingsmustbemovedandbornalongwithequal  velocitythoughofunequalweightsthroughtheunresistingvoid.l        `     h      p !Lucretius  Ѐ x Physics311isaonesemestercoursedesignedtoprovidestudentsofphysicsandengineeringwith P anunderstandingofmechanicsatanintermediatelevel,preparingthemforthestudyofadvanced < engineeringmechanicsoratypicalgraduatelevelcourseinmechanics(laClassicalMechanicsby (x H.Goldstein).Preparationforthiscourseshouldnormallyincludeintroductoryphysicsaswellas d sufficientmathematicalbackgroundtoprovideagoodworkingknowledgeofdifferentialand P integralcalculus,familiaritywithmatrixalgebra,andsomeknowledgeofordinarydifferential < equations.Thiscoursewillservetostrengthenyourmathematicalskillsintheseareasbyallowing ( youtoconfrontconcretephysicalproblemsofintermediatecomplexityandfundamental  significance.Yourprimaryactivityindealingwithmechanicsproblemswillbetranslatingphysical  situationsintoalgebraicand/ordifferentialequationsandthenusingrelativelystraightforward   techniquestosolvetheresultingequations.Asthecourseprogresses,muchoftheneededmathwill ! bereviewed. t"  L XX4  GOALS#X4X L4#  8% " S x$ XX4MajorGoals#X4X x$#  '"$ 1.Tofostertheabilitytolearnindependently,increasingyourcapacitytoacquireknowledgeand )$& understandingofnewmaterialonyourown,forexample,byreadingbooks,magazines,newspapers, p*%' orscientificjournals. \+&( Ї2.Tohelpyouacquireknowledgeofphysics!particularly,butnotexclusively,mechanics!with  somedepth.Heretheprimaryemphasisisonfundamentalconcepts,relationships,andtheories,with  secondaryattentiongiventosimplefactsintheareaofmechanics.  3.Topromotethegrowthofunderstanding,sothatyoucananalyzefairlycomplexsituations, ` applyingyourknowledgeoftheprinciplesofmechanics,inordertobeabletomakerational L  decisions. 8  4.Tohelpyouacquirenumerousspecificskillsneededtomaketheothercoursegoalsmeaningful  ` andrequiredforfurtherstudyinphysicsorengineering.Examplesoftheseare:theabilitytomake  L  quickorderofmagnitudeestimates("guesstimates");thecapacityto"do"algebraefficientlyand  8  accurately;theabilitytousecalculuswithconfidence;theabilitytointerpretandsolve(i.e.,obtain $  solutionsfor)ordinarydifferentialequations;theabilitytouseasimplephysicalsystemasamodel   forunderstandingthebehaviorofamorecomplexsystem.   5.Toencouragecriticalanalyticthinkingandlogicalreasoningcoupledwithkeenphysical   intuition,capacitieswhichareofgreatvalueinformalscientificresearchandmostotherareasoflife. p 6.Toprovideyouwiththepleasureandsatisfactionwhichcomefromachievingamasteryof H mechanics:anelegant,powerful,andpracticalbranchofphysics. 4 ̀ x$ XX4SubsidiaryGoals#X4X x$7#  H 1.Toprovideopportunitiesforcreativeuseofskillsandinsightsdescribedabove. H 2.Todeepenyourappreciationof"howscienceworks":howscientificconceptsdevelopandare   joinedintoatheoreticalstructure;and,mostimportant,howthesestructuresaretested,validated,   andextended.  3.Topromotethegrowthofsomeoftheintellectualattitudes,methods,andoutlookswhich   characterizeagoodphysicistorengineer. l! 4.Torelatesomeoftheknowledgeandunderstandingwhichcomefromthestudyofmechanicsto D#! otherareasofintellectualactivity,suchasastronomy,spacescience,biology,medicine,andperhaps 0$" evenliterature. %l # 5.Toencouragethedevelopmentoftheselfunderstandingwhichcomesfromadeeper &D"% understandingofthephysicaluniverseofwhichweareeachapart. '0#& 6.Topermityoutofulfillanimportantrequirementforentryintocreativeworkincontemporary )%( physicsorengineering. *%)  +&* ^] ^ ^  L XX4  RESOURCES#X4X L#       Toaidusinachievingthesegoals,anumberofimportantresourcesareavailable. L  x$ XX4Texts#X4X x$#  $ AnalyticalMechanicsbyGrantR.FowlesandGeorgeL.Cassidy;Brooks/ColedivisionofThomson  $ Learning,Inc.,2005(7thedition),istherequiredtext.   Schaum"sOutlineofTheory&ProblemsofTheoreticalMechanicsbyMurrayRSpiegel,    McGraw-Hill,1980,providesworkedexamplesandcondensedpresentationofmanytopics.   Schaum'sOutlineofAdvancedMathematicsforEngineersandScientistsbyMurrayRSpiegel, {  McGraw-Hill,1971,canbeabighelpwithmanyappliedmathtopics. g  ClassicalDynamicsofParticlesandSystemsbyStephenT.ThorntonandJerryB.Marion;Brooks ?p Cole,2003,couldalsobeofconsiderablehelptoyou.Thiscomprehensivebookcontainsgoodmath +\ appendicesandasubstantialbibliography. H Usethe4 >O  5  library6!O!   7 L #"!    x$ XX4Handouts#X4X x$"#   Youarereadingthefirstofseveral(helpful?)handoutswhichwillbeprovidedduringthesemester.   x$ XX4PersonalAssistance#X4X x$##   Thiscourseis(orshouldbe)acooperativeundertakinginvolvingyou,yourfellowstudents,andme.  Iamhappytoprovidehelpoutsidetheclassroomwhenneeded.Asyouprobablyknow,myoffice  isRoom012intheSchaibleScienceCenter(SC012).Pleasestopbyandvisit.Informationabout w myofficehoursispostedonmyofficedoor.Myofficephone,(630)617-3577,has24hourvoice c  mailservice.Whenleavingavoicemailmessage,itisbesttomakeitmoreinformativethana O! simple"callme.Myfaxnumberoncampusis(630)6173735.Myemailaddressis ;"l  4 O  5  earls@elmhurst.edu,6&O&   7 &Ԁandmywebpageisat4 JO  5  http://www.elmhurst.edu/~earls6{'O'   7 6'Ԁ.Normally,Ireadmy '#X! emailfairlyfrequently,evenwhenImnotoncampus.Athomemytelephonenumberis(630) $D " 920-9570.Idon'tmindbeingcalledathomewhenthereisarealneedtodoso,thoughreachingme $0!# theremaynotalwaysbequickoreasy.WhenIamworkingonresearchatFermilaborelsewhere, %"$ Imayalsohaveappropriatetelephonenumberspostedonmyofficedoor. &#% V x$ XX4OverviewandObjectives#X4X x$:*#  ($'     Toguideyouinyourefforts,Iwillgiveyouanoverview,indicatingimportantideasandhowthey *&) areinterrelated,atthestartofeachunitofstudy(usuallyachapterinthetext).Insomecases,Iwill +'* _] _ _  providefairlyexplicitlearningobjectives,butinallcases,theassignedproblemsprovideanimplicit  listofobjectives.  __* L XX4EVALUATION#X4X L,#  k *Yourgradeinthiscoursewillbebasedonyourachievementinfiveareasofwork:(1)assigned   problems;(2)quizzes;(3)thefinalexam;(4)laboratoryproject(s);and(5)yourtermpaper.Work   ineachoftheseindividualareaswillbegradedona(somewhatarbitrary)pointsystem.Designating    the fraction ofthepossible(assigned)pointswhichyoureceiveinareaibyfi,yourfinalscoreinthe {  courseisgivenbytheformula: k     ` x$ XX4S=100%(0.25f1+0.30f2+0.20f3+0.10f4+0.15f5)#X4X x$/#. Ct  Ifyougetascoreof65orabove,youare assured ofatleastaCinthecourse;80orabove,aB;and Ar 90orabove,anA(WOW!!).ItisfairlyeasytogetaCwith goodsteadyeffort ,butyouwillneed 1b togetyouracttogethertoearnanAorB.Thefollowingtablesummarizesthemeaningofeach !R lettergradeintermsoflevelofacademicachievement.  > *xXdddd ` dd ` X(#(#x,dd",( dd",( dd"+  $ $x$ XX4LetterGrade '5f" 'AchievementLevel '5f" 'PHY311Score#X4X x$2# '5f" 'A3 '" 'Excellent(orSuperior)*4 '" '90%orabove '" 'B4 ']" 'AboveAverage 5 ']" '80%orabove ']" 'C '" 'Average ' " '65%orabove '!" 'D ']"" 'BelowAverage(or ]# UnsatisfactoryButPassing) 'Iz$" 'below65% ']%" 'F ' &" 'Failing ' '" 'Youdontwantthis." ("  "Theformulatellsyouthe minimum gradeyouwillreceiveinthecourse.Severalconditionscould #* causeyoutoreceiveahighergrade.Inassigninggrades,Imaylowerthe"breakpoints"forsome $ + orallofthelettergradesifIconsiderthatthiswillmoreaccuratelyreflecttheachievementsofthe %!, classasawhole.Imayalsoexercisetheoptionofadjustinganindividualgradeupwardin &"- recognitionoftrulyoutstandingachievementinsomeparticularareaofwork(e.g.,anoutstanding q'#. termpaper)orofexceptionalinterest,enthusiasm,orparticipationinclassdiscussion,etc.Youare ]($/ responsibleforkeepingtrackofyourscoresinordertoestimatehowyouaredoingasthecourse I)z%0 progresses.4: 5*f&1 _ x$ XX4_  !+R'2 ProblemAssignments#X4X x$#;#   Foreachclassmeeting,youwillbeexpectedtoturnin three(3) problemsfromthechapterbeing  coveredorfromproblemssuggestedinclass.Extracreditcanbeobtainedbysolvinguptothree(3)  additionalproblemsperweek.Thisextracreditwill,inanycase,belimitedto20%;i.e.,f1canbe  ashighas1.2,butnothigher.Here'syourchancetomakehay!Iwillgradetheproblemsonabasis  of10pointsperproblemwithsomepossibilityofpartialcredit,butifyoureallywanttoscore,get   itcorrecttotheend. Therewillbean"absolute"cutoffdateforacceptingproblemsolutions o  foreachchaptershortlyafterwefinishwiththechapter. Exceptincasesofillness,etc.,late _  problems willnot beaccepted.Clearlythissystemisaimedatgeneratingquestionsinclass,solet's O   hearitgang! ? p  Problemsaretobeturnedinon81/2"x11"notebookpaper,preferablywithlines.Only oneside  H  istobeused.Oddsizesofpaperorpapertornfromspiralnotebooks willnot beaccepted.Pages 8  aretobenumberedandclearlymarkedwithcoursenumber,yourname,andthedate.Youshould (  clearlyshowonthefirstpagewhichproblemsarebeingattempted,andsolutionsshouldnormally  bein numericalorder .Theactualsolutionmustbewrittenoutinanorderly,logicalfashionsothat  yourworkcanbefollowedeasily;otherwisenopartialcredit(andsometimesnocredit)canbegiven.  Itmust,ofcourse,alsobelegible,andfinalanswersmustbe clearlymarked ("putinabox").In  otherwords,youareexpectedtodoareasonablyprofessionaljobofpreparingyourproblem  solutions(andallofyourworkforthatmatter)!   x$ XX4Quizzes#X4X x$C#  _ Three(3)"fulllength"featurequizzesarescheduledtoplayatthistheatreduringthesemester.In _ addition,theremaybeshortimpromptuquizzesatanytime.Youwillbepermittedtheuseofa K| single81/2"x11"sheetofnotesonthescheduledquizzes!alsoaruler,acalculator,andasetof 7h mathtables,and/oracomputer.You willnot havethedirectuseofthetextorasimilarbook. #T Majorconcepts,techniques,andprinciples,andtheirapplications,willbeemphasizedonthe 0 quizzes.Precision,clarity,andcarefullogicalthinkingwillbestressed!notmemorization.In  additiontotheusualproblemsolvingquestions,theremaybemultiplechoice,matching,orverbal   responsequestions.Thesewillusuallydealwithdefinitionsofimportantconcepts,technicalterms, !  andunitsofmeasurement.Youmightbeaskedtostateabasicprincipleorgiveanexampleto "! illustrateit.Wemayalsoconsiderthepossibilityofhavingoneormoretakehometests. #"  x$ XX4FinalExamination#X4X x$H#  s%!$ Atwohourfinalexamwillbegivenatthescheduledtime.Itwillcovertheentiresemester'swork, s'#& withsomeextraemphasisonmaterialcoveredafterthelastscheduledquiz.Thenatureofthefinal, _($' andthegroundrulesforit,willbeessentiallythesameasthemajorquizzes. K)|%( _ x$ XX4  #+T'* Term_ԀPaper#X4X x$J#   Atermpaper!roughly10pages(typed,doublespaced)inlength!isrequiredforthiscourse.Any  topicrelatedtomechanicsis,inprinciple,acceptable.Youcanexploreatopicgivenlittleorno  coverageinthecourseproper,gomoredeeplyintoonethatwearecovering,discussaninteresting  applicationofmechanicstoanotherareaofstudy,presenttheresultsofaspecialexperimentyou  haveperformed,examinethehistoryofamechanicsconceptorprinciple,discussarelatedsetof   theoremsinmechanics,analyzeasystemnotdiscussedindetailinthetext,etc. Thechoiceofa k  topicisuptoyou, butyouwillfaremuchbetterifthetopicisfairly narrowandwelldefined .(I [  will,ofcourse,begladtohelpandmakesuggestions.)Theimportantpointisthatyouuseand/or K |  discussphysicsprinciplesinthepaperinaquantitativeorsemiquantitativefashion.Assumethat 7 h  theaudienceforyourpaperisstudentswhohavecompletedacomparablecourseatanothercollege. #T  X4XXX4Youaretoturninoneortwoparagraphsdescribingyourchosentopic(whatyouplantowriteabout ,  it)onorbeforethe"proposal"duedateonthecourseschedule.Thisproposalshouldincludealist   ofatleastfour(4)referenceswhichyouplantouseinpreparingyourpaper.Youshouldalsonote  thatImustreceiveapreliminarydraftofthepaperareasonabletimebeforethefinalversionisdue.   Eachofthesestepsisessentialtoyourlearningfromthisworkandtomyacceptingthefinal  paperforcreditinthecourse.   Pleasenotetheduedateforthepaperitself,whichissomewhatbeforetheendofthesemester.It o isimportanttohaveworkonyourpaper behindyouwellbeforeourfinalexamweekarrives.6SԀThis [ istobea"forreal"termpaperwithsentences,paragraphs, referencetoprimarysources , citation Gx ofreferences ,andallthatjazz.(ImaginethatIplantotakeittotheEnglishDepartmentforagrade.) 7h Clearexpression,logicalorganization,andpropersyntaxandgrammarareessential!Iwillprovide 'X anexampleofaparticularlysimple,easytouseformatforreferences,butanystandardformatis D acceptable. 0  #X4XXX4 P#Note: Istronglyurgethatyousubmittheproposal,draft,andpaperasemailattachmentsin  WordPerfect(.wpd)orMSWord(.doc)fileformat.  +VThefollowingbooksmaygiveyouideasfortermpapertopics(ifyoulookatthem):   0  "TheFlyingCircusofPhysics"byJ.Walker(JohnWiley&Sons).w"!(#(# 0  "IntroductiontoTheoreticalMechanics"byR.A.Becker(_McGraw_ԄHill).O$ #(#(# 0  "ClassicalMechanics"byH.Goldstein(AddisonWesley).'&X"%(#(# 0  "PhysicsfortheLifeSciences"byA.H.Cromer(_McGraw_ԄHill).'0$'(#(# 0  "ClassicalDynamicsofParticlesandSystems"byJerryB.Marion(AcademicPress).)&)(#(# __ +'+ 0  "Div,Grad,Curl,andAllThat"byH.M._Schey_Ԁ(W.W.Norton).(#(# 0  "TheFeynmanLecturesonPhysics"byR.P.Feynman,etal.(AddisonWesley).(#(# Hereareafew"offthecuff"ideastogetyoustarted:themechanicsof_Lucretius_Ԁfromamodern k perspective;themechanicsofAristotlefromamodernperspective,Galileo'scontributionto W  mechanics;theoriginsofvectoranalysis;themechanicsofhumanmotion;themechanicsofyour C t favoritesport;themechanicsofautotesting;tobrakeortoturn(see"FlyingCircus");theenergetics / ` oflocomotion;themechanicsof"StarWars"(orsomeotherpieceofimaginativefiction);the  L  parallelaxistheoremandarefinedanalysisofthe(almost)simplependulum;thetwinparadoxin  8  relativity;electrodynamicswithfourvectors;fromclassicalmechanicstogeneralrelativity;the  $  mechanicsofcontinuousmedia;themechanicsofbridges;scalinglawsinmechanicalanalysis;basic   mechanicalunitsandthespeedoflight;precisionmeasurementsofgwithsimplependulumsand   fallingobjects.    x$ XX4LaboratoryProjects#X4X x$_#  { Whilethisisprimarilyananalyticcourse,Iwillassignyousomeexperimentalandcomputational { laboratoryprojectstobecarriedoutduringthesemester.Youmayalsoobtainextracreditwithall g oftherelatedbenefitstoyourintellectandyourcoursegradebydoinganextraproject.Thiscanbe S acarefullydoneexperimentofyourchoiceoraparticularlyinterestingandchallenging ?p computationalactivity.Somepossibilitiesare:aprecisionmeasurementofg;theCavendishBalance +\ experiment;determinationoftheinertiatensorofanirregularobject;thelargeanglebehaviorofa H simplependulum;coupledharmonicoscillators;thenonlinearharmonicoscillator;anyideaofyour 4 ownconnectedwithmechanics.Ingeneral,Iwillexpectacarefulseriesofexperimentswith   thoroughanalysisofsystematicandrandomerrors(orwelldocumentedworkinnumericalanalysis   andcomputerprogramdevelopment).Youshouldtalktomefurtheraboutthisifyouhaveaproject  idea.  @-  _ L XX4ACCOMMODATIONS #X4X Ld#_ c"! d-TheCollegewillmakereasonableaccommodationsforpersonswithdocumenteddisabilities.Ifyou $ # believethatyouhaveadisabilitythatmayhavesomeimpactonyourworkinthiscourse,please %!$ contacttheCollegeDisabilityServicesProviderMs.MaureenConnollyat(630)6173753. &"% je_  #+T'*   L XX4ATTENDANCE#X4X L"g#   gInaccordwithgeneralCollegepolicyasstatedintheElmhurstCollegeBulletin(a.k.a.the L CollegeCatalog),regularclassattendanceisexpected(hԀandisarequirementforreceivinga 8 passinggradeinthiscourse.Classparticipationisanessentialpartofthecourseandcontributes $ toyourgrade.Ifyoumustmissacoursemeeting,youmustalsotaketheresponsibilityfor  completinganyassignedworkforthatday.Makeuptestswillbegivenonlyinveryspecial   cases.(Anyonewhodiesduringthecoursewillbegivenone!andonlyone!makeuptest.)   Studentswhomissmorethananoccasionalclassinvariablyfindit verydifficultj toearna   satisfactorygrade.      L XX4WARNING#X4X LKk#  /`