WPC ϐh‚ " "q ˰@3Gssڵ []*A\ցRl_m?67WIhMSiD~p޶n߉wm^i=Rqh+S0[Lx]P+iy1y=a7Y ,e.?p1gw,ҡZ=iW$j%qХrSn\5#,q{Txb1}.D"bv7HQb *Ii1 4X9\EM&wpU<3_[Dp݇XQes:"H4VoU`L|1GMYdJ+ R1.(?[J yhWu!_)x:wHL!"725õG߽>XxGAu'H?V8w42eɱ3Ҁ׺V9~b;ynWYU> %": 0*   nX 0X # N^ w4 mU:UHN5 0 N&f aL#oU<1@mfa4>`5555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555 B* `&CG Times 12ptWPX '  PHY-414 Handout - Fall, 2002 2handout (Earl C. Swallow(0Earl C. Swallow .    0 RG)o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo   _] XXPhysics414@)@    1  A  Ԅ>(#FallSemester(2RG$  %!o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo    |w * `&CG Times 12ptWPXXw PS+GXP* `$CG Times 8ptWPP P+GP({%$o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo  HP PSC 750P`,,,,P`0o7 Z7HY414U,cAZ"Arial Regular(9 Z6Times New Roman Regular(O$honestypolicy.html   8TABLE Ahttp://www.elmhurst.edu/~earls/phy414  RG)o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo   _9DXX9D9D_P__HY_Ԁ414ModernOptics@_ԄPage@    1  A  Ԅ0  0p(#(#0p(#p(#0 (#(#0x (# (#0 x(#x(#_______Fall__Ԁ_Term_* `$CG Times 8ptWPhttp://www.elmhurst.edu/libraryh_TABLE Bmailto:earls@elmhurst.eduhttp://www.elmhurst.edu/~earlshttp://media.elmhurst.edu/documents/EB_2007.pdf d  %!o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo   _XXXX   XXELMHURSTCOLLEGE#XX#  #XXXX#XrXXX  V XXrPHYSICS41401ModernOptics#XrX V##XXXXr#XXXX  4   (4 P O  5  _http://www.elmhurst.edu/~earls/phy414_6O   7 (Ԁ)    4S XX*Xddd Xdd Xdd X(#(#,dd ,` dd +     Fall_Term,_Ԁ_2007_ ' H '  EarlC.Swallow1'% H0  1#XX 4S##XXXX#8  XXXX[This]finallydeterminedmetogivemyselfupfirsttoinquireintotheprincipleof d  thetelescope,andthentoconsiderthemeansbywhichImightcompasstheinvention P  ofasimilarinstrument,whichafteralittlewhileIsucceededindoing,throughdeep <  studyofthetheoryofRefraction;andIpreparedatube,atfirstoflead,intheends (  ofwhichIfittedtwoglasslenses,bothplaneononeside,butontheothersideone   sphericallyconvex,andtheotherconcave.   ;   `     h      p 򄄀Galileo #XXXX#XXXX  Ѐ#XXXXU #XXXX t Physics414isaonesemestercoursedesignedtoprovidestudentsofphysicsandengineeringwith $t anunderstandingofphysicalandgeometricalopticsatanintermediatelevel,thusproviding ` appropriatepreparationforstudyinadvancedengineering,forgraduatestudyinphysics,orforwork L inanarearequiringabasicknowledgeofoptics.Preparationforthiscourseshouldnormallyinclude 8 (a)Introductory(General)PhysicsandElectricityandMagnetism;(_b_)sufficientmathematicsto $ provideagoodworkingknowledgeofdifferentialandintegralcalculus,includingpartial  differentiationandvectorcalculus;(c)familiaritywithcomplexnumbersandmatrixalgebra;_and_Ԁ(d)  someknowledgeofFourieranalysis.Asthecourseprogresses(Ihope),portionsoftheneeded   backgroundwillbereviewed.Nowisn'tthatablast? ! @( e XXGOALS#XX e=#  4% !  4S XXMajorGoals #XX 4S# '"# 1.  Tofostertheabilitytolearnindependently,increasingyourcapacitytoacquireknowledge )$% andunderstandingofnewmaterialonyourown;forexample,byreadingbooks,magazines, l*%& newspapers,orscientificjournals. X+&'  D,'( 2.  Tohelpyouacquireknowledgeofphysicsparticularly,butnotexclusively,opticswith  somedepth.Heretheprimaryemphasisisonfundamentalconcepts,relationships,andtheories,with  secondaryattentiongiventobasicfactsintheareaofoptics.  3.  Topromotethegrowthofunderstanding,sothatyoucananalyzefairlycomplexsituations, ` applyingyourknowledgeoftheprinciplesofoptics,inordertobeabletomakerationaldecisions. L  4.  Tohelpyouacquirenumerousspecificskillsneededtomaketheothercoursegoals $ t meaningfulandrequiredforfurtherstudyinphysicsorengineering.Examplesofthese_are_:_the_Ԁability  ` tomakequickorderofmagnitudeestimates("guesstimates");_the_Ԁcapacityto"do"algebraefficiently  L  andaccurately;_the_Ԁabilitytousecomplexnotationforanalyzingwavemotion;_the_Ԁabilitytousea  8  simplephysicalsystemasamodelforunderstandingthebehaviorofamorecomplexsystem. $  5.  Toencouragecriticalanalyticthinkingandlogicalreasoningcoupledwithkeenphysical   intuition,capacitieswhichareofgreatvalueinformalscientificresearchandmostotherareasoflife.   6.  Toprovideyouwiththepleasureandsatisfactionwhichcomefromachievingamasteryof p optics:anelegant,powerful,andpracticalbranchofphysics. \ Ѐ 4S XXSubsidiaryGoals #XX 4S#  p 1.  Toprovideopportunitiesforcreativeuseofskillsandinsightsdescribedabove.  p 2.  Todeepenyourappreciationof"howscienceworks":howscientificconceptsdevelopand H arejoinedintoatheoreticalstructure;and,mostimportant,howthesestructuresaretested,validated, 4 andextended.   3.  Topromotethegrowthofsomeoftheintellectualattitudes,methods,andoutlookswhich  characterizeagoodphysicistorengineer.  4.  Torelatesomeoftheknowledgeandunderstandingwhichcomefromthestudyofopticsto l! otherareasofintellectualactivity,suchasastronomy,space,biology,medicine,andperhapseven X"  literature. D#! 5.  Toencouragethedevelopmentoftheselfunderstandingwhichcomesfromadeeper %l # understandingofthephysicaluniverseofwhichweareeachapart. &X!$ 6.  Topermityoutofulfillanimportantrequirementforentryintocreativeworkincontemporary '0#& physicsorengineering. ($'   )%( @XX& e XXRESOURCES#XX eJ#   Toaidusinachievingthesegoals,anumberofimportantresourcesareavailable. fL  4S XXTexts #XX 4S# *  Introductionto_Optics,3rdedition,_ԀbyFrankL.__Pedrotti_,_Ԁ____Leno__ԀS.__Pedrotti_,and_Leno_ԀM._Pedrotti_#XXXX #XXXX_; *  _PearsonPrentice_Hall,_2007__,_Ԁisthe"required"text.Also,seethelistofreferencestherein.   IntroductiontoModernOpticsbyG.R._Fowles_;Holt,_Rinehart_,Winston,1975,isaconcisetext   whichmatchesthiscoursewell,butitisoutofprint.AlowpricedDovereditionisnowavailable.   _Div_,Grad,Curl,andAllThatbyH.M._Schey_;W.W.Norton,1992,isahelpfulpaperbackinthe   areaofvectorcalculus.Itis_probablyworth_Ԁowning.   Usethe4 @O  5  library6#O#   7 < #!#XXXX; #XXXX v\  4S XXHandouts #XX 4S$# N4 Youarereadingthefirstofseveral(helpful?)_handouts_Ԁwhichwillbeprovidedduringthesemester. N4 ] XX#XX] %# 4S XXPersonalAssistance #XX 4S&#  Thiscourseis(orshouldbe)acooperativeundertakinginvolvingyou,yourfellowstudents,andme.  Iamhappytoprovidehelpoutsidetheclassroomwhenneeded.Asmostofyouknow,myofficeis  Room012inthe_Schaible_ԀScienceCenter(SC012).Informationaboutmyofficehoursispostedon  myofficedoor.Myofficephone,(630)617-3577,has24hourvoicemailservice.Whenleaving t avoicemailmessage,itisbesttomakeitmoreinformativethanasimple"callme.Myfaxnumber z` oncampusis(630)6173735._#XXXX$#XXXXMyemailaddressis4 ]O  5  earls@elmhurst.edu6h)O|)   7 ),andmywebpageisat f L 4 O  5  http://www.elmhurst.edu/~earls6K*O_*   7 *Ԁ.Normally,Ireadmyemailquitefrequently,evenwhenImnoton R!8 campus.#XXXX5)#XXXXAthomemy#XXXX+#XXXXԀtelephonenumberis(630)920-9570.Idon'tmindbeingcalledathomewhen >"$  thereisarealneedtodoso,thoughreachingmetheremaynotalwaysbequickoreasy.WhenIam *#! workingonresearchatFermilaborelsewhere,Imayalsohaveappropriatetelephonenumbersposted $" onmyofficedoor. % # ] XX#XX] x-# 4S XXOverviewandObjectives #XX 4S-# ~'d#& Toguideyouinyourefforts,Iwillgiveyouanoverview,indicatingimportantideasandhowthey ~)d%( areinterrelated,atthestartofeachunitofstudy(usuallyachapterinthetext).Insomecases,Iwill j*P&) providefairlyexplicitlearningobjectives;butinallcases,theassignedproblemsprovideanimplicit V+<'* listofobjectives. B,((+ Ї@% e XXEVALUATION#XX e/#     4S XX Grades #XX 4SW0# R8 Yourgradeinthiscoursewillbebasedonyourachievementin5areasofwork:(1)assigned R 8 problems;(2)quizzes;(3)thefinalexam;(4)laboratoryworkandreports;and(5)yourtermpaper. > $ Workwithineachoftheseindividualareaswillbegradedona(somewhatarbitrary)pointsystem. *  Designatingthe fraction ofthepossible(assigned)pointswhichyoureceiveinarea_i_byfi,yourfinal   scoreinthecourseisgivenbytheformula:       ` 4S XXS=100%(0.25_f1_+0.30_f2_+0.15_f3_+0.15f4+0.15_f5_).#XX 4S&3#   Ifyougetascoreof65orabove,youare assured ofatleastaCinthecourse;80orabove,aB;and   90orabove,anA(WOW!!).ItisfairlyeasytogetaCwith goodsteadyeffort ,butyouwillneed   toreallygetyouracttogethertoearnanAorB.Thefollowingtablesummarizesthemeaningof  eachlettergradeintermsoflevelofacademicachievement.  *xXdddd ` dd ` X(#(#x,dd",( dd",( dd"+  $nTnT $4S XXLetterGrade '" 'AchievementLevel '" 'PHY414Score#XX 4S7# '" '4S XXA8#XX 4S7# 'z`" '4S XXExcellent(orSuperior)8#XX 4S8# 'z`" '90%orabove 'z`" '4S XXB#XX 4Sc9#9 '"" '4S XXAboveAverage:#XX 4S9# '"" '80%orabove '"" 'C '" 'Average '" '65%orabove '" 'D 'J0 " 'BelowAverage(or J0! UnsatisfactoryButPassing) '6"" 'below65% 'J0#" 'F '$" 'Failing '%" 'Youdontwantthis."&"  "Theformulatellsyouthe minimum gradeyouwillreceiveinthecourse.Severalconditionscould "( causeyoutoreceiveahighergrade.Inassigninggrades,Imaylowerthe"breakpoints"forsome #) orallofthelettergradesifIconsiderthatthiswillmoreaccuratelyreflecttheachievementsofthe $l * classasawhole.Imayalsoexercisetheoptionofadjustinganindividualgradeupwardin r%X!+ recognitionoftrulyoutstandingachievementinsomeparticularareaofwork(e.g.,anoutstanding ^&D", termpaper)orofexceptionalinterest,enthusiasm,orparticipationinclassdiscussion,etc.Youare J'0#- responsibleforkeepingtrackofyourscoresinordertoestimatehowyouaredoingasthecourse 6($. progresses. ")%/  4S XX  *&1     ProblemAssignments #XX 4S@#  Foreachclassmeeting,youwillbeexpectedtoturnin three(3) problemsfromthechapterbeing  coveredorfromproblemssuggestedinclass.Extracreditcanbeobtainedbysolvinguptothree(3)   additionalproblemsperweek.Thisextracreditwill,inanycase,belimitedto20%;i.e.,_f1_canbe  ashighas1.2,butnothigher.Here'syourchancetomakehay!Iwillgradetheproblemsonabasis  of10pointsperproblemwith some possibilityofpartialcredit,butifyoureallywanttoscore,get   itcorrecttotheend. Therewillbean"absolute"cutoffdateforacceptingproblemsolutions   foreachchaptershortlyafterwefinishwiththechapter. Exceptincasesofillness,etc.,problems   willnotbeacceptedafterthisdate.Clearlythissystemisaimedatgeneratingquestionsinclass,    solet'shearitgang!  p  Problemsaretobeturnedinon81/2"x11"notebookpaper,preferablywithlines.Only oneside  bH  istobeused.Oddsizesofpaperorpapertornfromspiralnotebooks willnot beaccepted.Pages R8  aretobenumberedandclearlymarkedwithcoursenumber,yourname,andthedate.Youshould B(  clearlyshowonthefirstpagewhichproblemsarebeingattempted,andsolutionsshouldnormallybe . in numericalorder .Theactualsolution must bewrittenoutinanorderly,logicalfashionsothat  yourworkcanbefollowedeasily;otherwisenopartialcredit(andsometimesnocredit)canbegiven.   Itmust,ofcourse,alsobelegible,andfinalanswersmustbe clearlymarked ("putinabox").In  otherwords,youareexpectedtodoareasonablyprofessionaljobofpreparingyourproblem  solutions(andallofyourworkforthatmatter)!   4S XXQuizzes #XX 4S>I# | Three(3)"fulllength"featurequizzesarescheduledtoplayatthistheatreduringthesemester.In | addition,theremaybeshortimpromptuquizzesatanytime.Youwillbepermittedtheuseofasingle h 81/2"x11"sheetofnotesonthescheduledquizzes!alsoaruler,acalculator,asetofmathtables, nT and/oracomputer.You willnot havethedirectuseofthetextorasimilarbook. Z@ Majorconcepts,techniques,andprinciples,andtheirapplications,willbeemphasizedonthequizzes. 6  Precision,clarity,andcarefullogicalthinkingwillbestressed!notmemorization.Inadditiontothe "! usualproblemsolvingquestions,theremaybemultiplechoice,matching,orverbalresponse "  questions.Thesewillusuallydealwithdefinitionsofimportantconcepts,technicalterms,andunits "! ofmeasurement.Youmightbeaskedtostateabasicprincipleorgiveanexampletoillustrateit.We #" mayalsoconsiderthepossibilityofhavingoneormoretakehometests. $ #  4S XXFinalExam #XX 4SKN# '|#& Atwohourfinalexamwillbegivenatthescheduledtime.Itwillcovertheentiresemester'swork, )|%( withsomeextraemphasisonmaterialcoveredafterthelastscheduledquiz.Thenatureofthefinal, *h&) andthegroundrulesforit,willbeessentiallythesameasthescheduledquizzes. n+T'*  4S XX F-,), TermPaper #XX 4SP#  Atermpaper!roughly10pagesinlength(typed,doublespaced)!isrequiredforthiscourse.Any  topicrelatedtoopticsis,inprinciple,acceptable.Youmayexploreatopicgivenlittleornocoverage  inthecourseproper,gomoredeeplyintoonethatwearecovering,discussaninterestingapplication  ofopticstoanotherareaofstudy,presenttheresultsofaspecialexperimentyouhaveperformed,  examinethehistoryofanopticalconceptorprinciple,discussarelatedsetoftheoremsinoptics,   analyzeaninterestingsystemnotdiscussedindetailinthetext,etc. Thechoiceoftopicisupto   you, butyouwillfaremuchbetterifthetopicisfairly narrowandwelldefined .(Iwill,ofcourse,   begladtohelpandwillmakesuggestionsasthetermprogresses.)Theimportantpointisthatyou  |  useand/orexaminephysicsprinciplesinthepaperinaquantitativeorsemiquantitativefashion.  h  Assumethattheaudienceforyourpaperisstudentswhohavecompletedacomparablecourseat nT  anothercollege.#XXXX+#XXXX Z@  Youaretoturninoneortwoparagraphsdescribingyourchosentopic(whatyouplantowriteabout 2  it)onorbeforethe proposalduedateonthecourseschedule.Thisproposalshouldincludealist  ofatleastthreereferenceswhichyouplantouseinpreparingyourpaper.Pleasenotetheduedate   forthepaperitself,whichissomewhatbeforetheendofthesemester.Itisimportanttohavework  onyourpaper behindyouwellbeforefinalexamweekarrives.WԀThisistobea"forreal"termpaper  withsentences,paragraphs, referencestoprimarysources,citationofreferences ,andallthatjazz.  (ImaginethatIplantotakeittotheEnglishDepartmentforagradeonpresentation.)Clear  expression,logicalorganization,andpropersyntaxandgrammarareallessential!Iwillprovidean  exampleofaparticularlysimple,easytouseformatforreferences,butanystandardformatis | acceptable. h  Note: pleasedon'twasteyourmoneyonaplasticcoverorbinderforyourpaper!simplystapleit Z@ intheupperleftcorner.Youarealsostronglyurgedtouseacomputer wordprocessor toprepare J0 yourtermpaperandother"essay"assignments.Thisfacilitatescorrectionandrevisionaswellas :  providingyouwithbroadlyapplicableexperienceusingtoday'stechnology. &  Thefollowingbooksmaygiveyouideasfortermpapertopics(ifyoulookatthem):  0  "TheFlyingCircusofPhysics"byJ.Walker(JohnWiley&Sons).! (#(# 0  "FundamentalsofOptics"byF.A.JenkinsandH.E.White(_McGraw_ԀHill).Thisisavery #" traditionaltextatthelevelofPhysics414.$ #(#(# 0  "Optics"byE._Hecht_ԀandA._Zajac_Ԁ(AddisonWesley).Thisisanothertextfrequentlyused r&X"% forcoursesatthelevelofPhysics414.^'D#&(#(# 0  "TheFeynmanLecturesonPhysics"byR.P.Feynman,etal.(AddisonWesley).6)%((#(# _0  "PrinciplesofOptics"byM.BornandE.Wolf(Macmillan).Thisistheclassicgraduatelevel +&* textinoptics!frequentlyusedasaprofessionalreference.+'+(#(# __ -)- _Here_Ԁareafew"offthecuff"ideastogetyoustarted:_the_Ԁopticsof_Lucretius_Ԁ(orAristotle,or...)from  amodernperspective;experimentalevidencefortheelectromagneticnatureoflight(__ԀlaHertz);the  opticsofhumanvisionorsomeaspectthereof;opticsinphotography;opticsandrelativity;_Sagnac_'s  Experiment;historyofthemeasurementofthespeedoflight;opticsofchargedparticlebeams;the  opticsofyourfavoritemirage;opticsofapinholecamera;opticsofthe_rainbow;matrixmethodsin  optics;nonlinearoptics._   4S XXLaboratories #XX 4Sc# z ` Yourlaboratoryscorewillbebasedprimarilyonthewrittenlaboratorymaterialturnedinforeach z `  activity.Clarityofthoughtandexpression,completeness,organization,andqualityoferroranalysis fL  areveryimportantinthelab"reports.Theyneedtobedoneinawaythatwouldmakeitpossible R8  forsomeoneelsetounderstandandreplicateyourworkafterreadingthem.Betteryet,thinkinterms >$  ofhavingtodothatwithsomeoneelse'sexperiment.Thenwritewhatyouwouldliketohavefora *  description.Computeractivitieswillbeincludedaswellasmoretraditionallabprojects.The   organizationofthelabswillbequiteinformalwithplentyoffreedomtochooseyourpath.Wewill  discussthisfurtherasthecourseprogresses.     e XXACCOMMODATIONS #XX eg#    TheCollegewillmakereasonableaccommodationsforpersonswithdocumenteddisabilities.Ifyou  haveadisabilitythatmayhavesomeimpactonyourworkinthiscourse,pleasecontact_(630)617  3753#XXXXU#XXXX._  #XXXXi#XXXX@% e XXATTENDANCE#XX e4j#  rX InaccordwithgeneralCollegepolicyasstatedintheElmhurstCollegeBulletin(a.k.a.theCollege ! Catalog),regularclass_____attendance_Ԁisexpectedandisarequirementforreceivingapassinggradein "  thecourse.Classparticipationandlabworkareessentialpartsofthecourseandcontributetoyour #|! grade.Ifyoumustmissacoursemeeting,youmustalsotaketheresponsibilityforcompletingany $h " assignedworkforthatday.Makeuptestswillbegivenonlyinveryspecialcases.(Anyonewhodies n%T!# duringthecoursewillbegivenone!andonlyone!makeuptest.)_Studentswhomissmorethan Z&@"$ anoccasionalclassinvariablyfindit verydifficult nԀtoearnasatisfactorygrade._ F',#% _  *%( _@' e XXWARNING#XX en#    AcademicHonestyisEssential! BoԀAcademichonestyisarequirementforreceivingapassinggrade fL inthecourse.Inyourtermpaper,tests,problemsolutions,etc., donot representtheworkof V< someoneelseasyourown.Anyformofcheatingisaseriousoffense,andthe normalpenalty isa F,  failinggradeinthecourseforallinvolved .Thisincludesanystudent(s)whoactuallydidthework! 6  Moresevereactioncanandwillbetakeninextremecases.Inanycase,yourreputationwillbe &  substantiallydamaged.IamobligatedtoreportanyinstanceofacademicdishonestytoboththeVice   PresidentforAcademicAffairsandtheDeanof_Students._   YouareexpectedtobecomefamiliarwiththegeneralCollegepolicyonAcademicIntegrityasstated   intheEBook._Printedcopies_ԀmaybeobtainedfromtheOfficeoftheDeanof_Students__,_ԀRoom_240_   in_the____FrickCenter._Ԁ_TheEBookisalsoavailableonlinethroughtheElmhurstCollegewebsiteat     <4! TO  5  http://media.elmhurst.edu/documents/EB_2007.pdf#XXXXi#6uO3uotti  7Pe<auԀXXXX>.The_ԀcontentoftheEBookappliesto   thiscourse.Iwillalsoprovideyouwithacopyofthe4 O  5  NaturalSciencesDivisionpolicystatement6vOvcon  7is"v l  onthissubject.Ifyouhavequestionsaboutthismatter,pleasediscussthemwithme. rX @b b " e XXCOURSEEVALUATION#XX e%x#   Neartheendofthesemester,youwillbegiventheopportunitytoprovideaconfidential Z@ evaluationofvariousaspectsofthiscourse,includingmyperformanceasaninstructor.Ifyou F, havesuggestionsforimprovements,theywillbeevenmoreusefuliftheyaremadeearlierthanthe 2 formalevaluation.Sopleasetalktomeaboutthem,sendmeanemailnote,orifyouwish  anonymity,slipanoteundermyofficedoororsendittomeviacampusmail(CampusBox_#3)._   #XXXXv#